Maxillary sinus air-fluid levels and sinus opacification may appear similar in cases of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Learn about the anatomical appearances of the air sinuses of the skull as seen on CT images of the brain. On the other hand, it reveals the position of the condyles, sphenoid sinus, and the lateral wall of maxillary sinuses, which is an obvious advantage of visualizing of paranasal sinuses air and fluid levels for sphenoid sinus.
Maxillary antrum fluid level. Air-fluid levels with intermixed air bubbles are most often the result of accumulated secretions in patients with acute sinusitis .
CBCT scans for patients with history of maxillary sinus operation (including sinus floor elevation).
Anterior ethmoid and Maxillary Sinuses; Posterior ethmoid and Maxillary Sinuses; Sphenoid Sinus; Advantages. In addition, fluid can in some rear cases be present without a high signal on T2WI, or a distinct air-fluid level .
Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinus? Neill Serman. Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus have been described in association with skull fracture, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and sinusitis.
The frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid air cells and mastoid air cells have very variable appearances. X-ray. A. The UP is a thin, semi-circular bony process of variable length and covered with the mucosa. There should be no evidence of thickened mucosa on the bony walls (usually indicative of chronic sinus disease) (see Fig.
9. This patient had acute sinusitis which was complicated by orbital cellulitis and dacrocystitis with abscesses.
Maxillary sinusitis will also shows similar air-fluid collection and should be rule out from history taking. An air-fluid level suggests acute sinusitis; in chronic sinus disease, one may see mucosal thickening and sclerosis of the bony sinus walls. 1 The sinus is normal in size. Opacification will appear white or grey.
The authors have observed this sign in the absence of significant trauma in patients with epistaxis and nasal packing. THE RADIOLOGY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS. This finding alone has several possible etiologies.
Sixty-five maxillary sinus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with findings suggestive of inflammatory lesions were qualitatively categorized into 4 distinct groups by using T2-weighted images: group 1: presence of mucosal thickening; group 2: presence of sinonasal polyps or mucous retention cysts; group 3: presence of fluid identified by airfluid Obstruction of the drainage passage secondary to mucosal swelling makes the sinus an attractive substrate for bacteria (fig. As a measure of confirmation of the diagnosis, the view is repeated with the head tilted toward the side of pathology. From the case: Acute frontal and maxillary sinusitis.
V. PATHOLOGY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. A fluid level of blood seen in the maxillary antrum may be the only obvious sign of fracture 'Tripod' fracture. From the case: Maxillary antrum fracture. CT is the modality of choice because it shows the extent and severity of infection. 2. Opacification of the maxillary sinus is usual in fractures which affect its wall and an air-fluid level is usually seen. Signs evaluated by X-ray exam were: total opacity of the maxillary sinus, air-fluid level and mucosal thickening. Agger nasi. mysticdoc : plugged nose is related to the maxillary sinus problem. The sinuses are air-filled cavities inside of the skull that serve several purposes. 1 The lateral view shows the bony perimeter of the frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. WhatsApp. Findings: The maxillary antra were opacified bilaterally.
Frontal sinus fractures can be caused by localized trauma to the frontal sinuses.1,2 More frequently, the frontal sinuses are injured when fractures in other areas (cranial vault, anterior skull base, lower face) propagate into these sinuses. Radiographs of sinuses can show air fluid levels in the sinuses. A - Widened zygomatico-frontal suture; B - Zygomatic arch fracture; C - Orbital floor fracture; D - Lateral maxillary antrum wall fracture; Note. The maxillary sinus was frequently not visualized on the formal radiology reports on the 21 patients with sphenoid (MR: 5) , air fluid level (CT:1 ) and polyps (pos-AJNR:10, May{June 1989 CT AND MR OF SPHENOID SINUS DISEASE 605 TABLE Axial and coronal CT scans usually confirm the diagnosis of sinusitis. An ethmoid sinusitis infection is also called an ethmoditis. Indirect signs of maxillary fracture. 71604.c03 40 year old female with headache brain maxillary sinus frontal lobe fx air fluid level parafalcine falx cerebri a= T1 weighted b= T2 weighted c = T2 weighted d= FLAIR dx acute on chronic left maxillary sinusitis with brain abscess air fluid level thickened mucosa of maxillary sinus MRI Davidoff MD Acute sinusitis: Acute sinusitis may go along with a collection of infected secretions in the sinus that can obliterate the sinus completely or partiallyan air-fluid level may be visible on the sinus radiographs (Fig. The pathway for communication with the nasal cavity is superior portion the maxillary sinus.
21.3.1 Ethmoidal Cells [3,4,5] Ethmoidal cells according to pneumatization are classified as. Fluid levels, mucosal thickening, and opacification of the normally aerated sinus lumen establish the diagnosis . Select one: a.PA b.Parietoacanthial c.Parietoacanthial transoral d.Horizontal beam lateral
Inflammatory sinus disease is the most common disease process involving the paranasal sinuses. provides a panoramic view of the floors of the maxillary sinuses and the upper and lower alveoli. If the Waters view is taken with the mouth open, the sphenoid sinuses may also be visualized. 1 article features images from this case 10 public playlists include this case Soft tissue swelling.
Figure 12.4B X-ray of the facial sinuses, Waters view, with maxillary opacity and a left air-fluid level. Indeed, almost all cases of otitis, whether sterile or infectious, will result in fluid filling the mastoid air cells. 1. If opacifications were seen on T1WI, but not covered by the T2WI (e.g.
A quadripalegic patient with chronic sinusitis presents for a sinus study & cannot be placed erect.
Acute sinusitis can also have a "bubbly or foamy" appearance. Fractures may be linear, comminuted, or complex. Related terms: Paranasal Sinuses; Maxillary Sinus The standard radiographic sinus series consists of four views: lateral view, Caldwells view, Waters view, and submentovertex or base view. 1 The lateral view shows the bony perimeter of the frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. Answer (1 of 7): It means that the disease process has begun in the sinuses. A 41-year-old member asked: The frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid air cells and mastoid air cells have very variable appearances. Linear fractures usually involve only the anterior sinus wall. Besides making the skull lighter, sinuses also seem to have a protective role during trauma. Air-fluid level in the left maxillary sinus.
mysticdoc : this is suggestive of the infection. CT. Axial bone window. The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Orange Maxillary sinus . Axial CT image ( A ) shows the air-fluid level in the left maxillary sinus with overlying air bubbles that are seen better in the coronal CT image ( B ). The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Learn about the anatomical appearances of the air sinuses of the skull as seen on CT images of the brain. Lateral. A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart (gurney). The air-containing cavities situated in the frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal bones of the cranium and the maxillary bones of the face are called the paranasal sinuses because of their formation from the nasal mucosa and their continued communication with the nasal fossae (Figs. Findings: The maxillary antra were opacified bilaterally.
The pathogenesis of maxillary sinus RCs remains unclear. Nasal septal deviation to left side ( white arrow ), right concha bullosa (C), enlarged right inferior turbinate (T). 15,16 All 3 radiologists agreed on the diagnosis of sinusitis or no sinusitis in 84% of the maxillary sinuses evaluated. 90% of the children with short-duration purulent rhinorrhea A. Savranlar et al. sinusitis, but this finding is highly nonspecific. An airfluid level is present on this axial scan in the right maxillary sinus. although mucosal thickening is seen in more than 90 percent of sinusitis cases, it is very nonspecific. a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus may be a sign of a basal skull fracture; Maxillary sinuses - CT brain - (bone windows) Air-fluid level (arrow) in the maxillary sinus suggests sinusitis. The ultrasound was performed with a pediatric convex transducer with the patient in a sitting position.
Fluid collection with airfluid level was the most common abnormality.
Our aim was to evaluate whether air density analysis in addition to air-fluid level can be used as a metric to differentiate between cases of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Obstruction of the OMC may result in mucosal thickening, air fluid levels, complete opacification, or other pathological findings within the maxillary sinus. 9 Thus, the presence of air-fluid levels may serve as a negative predictor of fungal sinusitis. Sinusitis responds to medical treatment in the majority of cases, yet occasionally orbital complications may occur due to spread of infection. 19-8 Waters' radiograph shows opacification of left maxillary sinus by hypertrophied tissue and purulent material (arrows). 19-3), air-fluid levels (caused by accumulation of mucus, pus, or blood) (Fig. Thank. From: Pediatric Radiology (Third Edition), 2009. Figure 12.4B X-ray of the facial sinuses, Waters view, with maxillary opacity and a left air-fluid level. T1 - Significance of post-traumatic maxillary sinus fluid, or lack of fluid, in a level II trauma population. This can be a pus filled sinus, or allergic fungal sinusitis, and could have been missed with our definition of fluid. The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Imaging Assessment. Right mandibular infundibulum is occluded and slightly expanded by soft tissue density. X-ray. For the diagnosis of radiologic maxillary sinusitis (total opacity or air-fluid level within the maxillary cavity), the sensitivity was 67 % and the specificity 87 %. The respiratory mocosa comprises of ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells. Deviated nasal septum on a The air space located in the body of the MAXILLARY BONE near each cheek. 2.53 Acute and chronic sinusitis. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. 22-1 and 22-2 ). a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus may be a sign of a basal skull fracture; Maxillary sinuses - CT brain - (bone windows) Lateral. In case of Negative dynamic test (n) 3 30 33 air-fluid level in the maxillary sinus, small air bubbles may Total (n) 55 35 90 cause the degradation of the ultrasound and an ultrasound acoustic barrier cannot distinguish airfluid level from normal sinus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS.
air-fluid levels or opacification. The submentovertex view may be useful in evaluating the lateral and posterior borders of the maxillary sinuses, as well as the ethmoid air cells. Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus have been described in association with skull fracture, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and sinusitis. Left Maxillary Sinusitis Complicated by Brain Abscess MRI.
Answer. Please follow up with your ENT surgeon to assess severity of The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) CT Brain showing air-fluid level in bilateral maxillary air sinuses post brain trauma.
It is helpful to compare one side to the other when examining the radiographs.
In addition, fluid can in some rear cases be present without a high signal on T2WI, or a distinct air-fluid level . There is an air-fluid level in left maxillary sinus and mild mucosal thickening in the right maxillary antrum. The fluid doesn't drain & collects at the bottom. Figure 12.4A X-ray of the facial sinuses, Ap view, demonstrating opacity of the maxillary sinuses. The authors have observed this sign in the absence of significant trauma in patients with epistaxis and nasal packing. The sinuses are small air-filled holes found in the bones of the face. Frontal. Ostium: the ostium of the MS is situated on the superior aspect of the medial wall of the sinus just below the level of the orbital floor; the mean distance from the sinus floor to the ostium being 29 mm. 19-9 Waters' radiograph showing air-fluid level in left maxil- lary sinus and mucosal thickening in right maxillary sinus (arrows).
CT is optimal for evaluating sinus anatomy and drainage pathways, as well as the surrounding bony structures. From the case: Maxillary antrum fracture. The standard radiographic sinus series consists of four views: lateral view, Caldwells view, Waters view, and submentovertex or base view. Within the right maxillary sinus is an air-fluid level from interval drainage since MRI. They reduce skull weight, produce mucus, and affect the tone quality Aug. 2000. Opacification/air-fluid level in the frontal sinuses; Line 2: Look for. It has been noted that 97.9% of maxillary fungal balls presented with the absence of air-fluid level on CT scan, significantly more than in bacterial sinusitis. There are 4 sets of sinuses (maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid), and they are mainly distributed around the eyes. NON DENTAL SINUSITIS. The paranasal sinuses are air-filled bony cavities that extend from the skull base to the alveolar process and laterally from the nasal cavity to
12). Radiology of Maxillary Sinus Extraoral views: Occipitomental View (15 OM): its called Waters view. Paranasal sinus disease is characterized by decreased aeration, mucosal thickening, soft tissue masses (e.g., mucus retention cyst, polyp, mucocele, tumor), air-fluid levels, and demineralization or bone destruction.
Maxillary antrum fluid level. Air-fluid levels with intermixed air bubbles are most often the result of accumulated secretions in patients with acute sinusitis .
CBCT scans for patients with history of maxillary sinus operation (including sinus floor elevation).
Anterior ethmoid and Maxillary Sinuses; Posterior ethmoid and Maxillary Sinuses; Sphenoid Sinus; Advantages. In addition, fluid can in some rear cases be present without a high signal on T2WI, or a distinct air-fluid level .
Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinus? Neill Serman. Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus have been described in association with skull fracture, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and sinusitis.
The frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid air cells and mastoid air cells have very variable appearances. X-ray. A. The UP is a thin, semi-circular bony process of variable length and covered with the mucosa. There should be no evidence of thickened mucosa on the bony walls (usually indicative of chronic sinus disease) (see Fig.
9. This patient had acute sinusitis which was complicated by orbital cellulitis and dacrocystitis with abscesses.
Maxillary sinusitis will also shows similar air-fluid collection and should be rule out from history taking. An air-fluid level suggests acute sinusitis; in chronic sinus disease, one may see mucosal thickening and sclerosis of the bony sinus walls. 1 The sinus is normal in size. Opacification will appear white or grey.
The authors have observed this sign in the absence of significant trauma in patients with epistaxis and nasal packing. THE RADIOLOGY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS. This finding alone has several possible etiologies.
Sixty-five maxillary sinus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with findings suggestive of inflammatory lesions were qualitatively categorized into 4 distinct groups by using T2-weighted images: group 1: presence of mucosal thickening; group 2: presence of sinonasal polyps or mucous retention cysts; group 3: presence of fluid identified by airfluid Obstruction of the drainage passage secondary to mucosal swelling makes the sinus an attractive substrate for bacteria (fig. As a measure of confirmation of the diagnosis, the view is repeated with the head tilted toward the side of pathology. From the case: Acute frontal and maxillary sinusitis.
V. PATHOLOGY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. A fluid level of blood seen in the maxillary antrum may be the only obvious sign of fracture 'Tripod' fracture. From the case: Maxillary antrum fracture. CT is the modality of choice because it shows the extent and severity of infection. 2. Opacification of the maxillary sinus is usual in fractures which affect its wall and an air-fluid level is usually seen. Signs evaluated by X-ray exam were: total opacity of the maxillary sinus, air-fluid level and mucosal thickening. Agger nasi. mysticdoc : plugged nose is related to the maxillary sinus problem. The sinuses are air-filled cavities inside of the skull that serve several purposes. 1 The lateral view shows the bony perimeter of the frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. WhatsApp. Findings: The maxillary antra were opacified bilaterally.
Frontal sinus fractures can be caused by localized trauma to the frontal sinuses.1,2 More frequently, the frontal sinuses are injured when fractures in other areas (cranial vault, anterior skull base, lower face) propagate into these sinuses. Radiographs of sinuses can show air fluid levels in the sinuses. A - Widened zygomatico-frontal suture; B - Zygomatic arch fracture; C - Orbital floor fracture; D - Lateral maxillary antrum wall fracture; Note. The maxillary sinus was frequently not visualized on the formal radiology reports on the 21 patients with sphenoid (MR: 5) , air fluid level (CT:1 ) and polyps (pos-AJNR:10, May{June 1989 CT AND MR OF SPHENOID SINUS DISEASE 605 TABLE Axial and coronal CT scans usually confirm the diagnosis of sinusitis. An ethmoid sinusitis infection is also called an ethmoditis. Indirect signs of maxillary fracture. 71604.c03 40 year old female with headache brain maxillary sinus frontal lobe fx air fluid level parafalcine falx cerebri a= T1 weighted b= T2 weighted c = T2 weighted d= FLAIR dx acute on chronic left maxillary sinusitis with brain abscess air fluid level thickened mucosa of maxillary sinus MRI Davidoff MD Acute sinusitis: Acute sinusitis may go along with a collection of infected secretions in the sinus that can obliterate the sinus completely or partiallyan air-fluid level may be visible on the sinus radiographs (Fig. The pathway for communication with the nasal cavity is superior portion the maxillary sinus.
21.3.1 Ethmoidal Cells [3,4,5] Ethmoidal cells according to pneumatization are classified as. Fluid levels, mucosal thickening, and opacification of the normally aerated sinus lumen establish the diagnosis . Select one: a.PA b.Parietoacanthial c.Parietoacanthial transoral d.Horizontal beam lateral
Inflammatory sinus disease is the most common disease process involving the paranasal sinuses. provides a panoramic view of the floors of the maxillary sinuses and the upper and lower alveoli. If the Waters view is taken with the mouth open, the sphenoid sinuses may also be visualized. 1 article features images from this case 10 public playlists include this case Soft tissue swelling.
Figure 12.4B X-ray of the facial sinuses, Waters view, with maxillary opacity and a left air-fluid level. Indeed, almost all cases of otitis, whether sterile or infectious, will result in fluid filling the mastoid air cells. 1. If opacifications were seen on T1WI, but not covered by the T2WI (e.g.
A quadripalegic patient with chronic sinusitis presents for a sinus study & cannot be placed erect.
Acute sinusitis can also have a "bubbly or foamy" appearance. Fractures may be linear, comminuted, or complex. Related terms: Paranasal Sinuses; Maxillary Sinus The standard radiographic sinus series consists of four views: lateral view, Caldwells view, Waters view, and submentovertex or base view. 1 The lateral view shows the bony perimeter of the frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. Answer (1 of 7): It means that the disease process has begun in the sinuses. A 41-year-old member asked: The frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid air cells and mastoid air cells have very variable appearances. Linear fractures usually involve only the anterior sinus wall. Besides making the skull lighter, sinuses also seem to have a protective role during trauma. Air-fluid level in the left maxillary sinus.
mysticdoc : this is suggestive of the infection. CT. Axial bone window. The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Orange Maxillary sinus . Axial CT image ( A ) shows the air-fluid level in the left maxillary sinus with overlying air bubbles that are seen better in the coronal CT image ( B ). The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Learn about the anatomical appearances of the air sinuses of the skull as seen on CT images of the brain. Lateral. A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart (gurney). The air-containing cavities situated in the frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal bones of the cranium and the maxillary bones of the face are called the paranasal sinuses because of their formation from the nasal mucosa and their continued communication with the nasal fossae (Figs. Findings: The maxillary antra were opacified bilaterally.
The pathogenesis of maxillary sinus RCs remains unclear. Nasal septal deviation to left side ( white arrow ), right concha bullosa (C), enlarged right inferior turbinate (T). 15,16 All 3 radiologists agreed on the diagnosis of sinusitis or no sinusitis in 84% of the maxillary sinuses evaluated. 90% of the children with short-duration purulent rhinorrhea A. Savranlar et al. sinusitis, but this finding is highly nonspecific. An airfluid level is present on this axial scan in the right maxillary sinus. although mucosal thickening is seen in more than 90 percent of sinusitis cases, it is very nonspecific. a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus may be a sign of a basal skull fracture; Maxillary sinuses - CT brain - (bone windows) Air-fluid level (arrow) in the maxillary sinus suggests sinusitis. The ultrasound was performed with a pediatric convex transducer with the patient in a sitting position.
Fluid collection with airfluid level was the most common abnormality.
Our aim was to evaluate whether air density analysis in addition to air-fluid level can be used as a metric to differentiate between cases of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Obstruction of the OMC may result in mucosal thickening, air fluid levels, complete opacification, or other pathological findings within the maxillary sinus. 9 Thus, the presence of air-fluid levels may serve as a negative predictor of fungal sinusitis. Sinusitis responds to medical treatment in the majority of cases, yet occasionally orbital complications may occur due to spread of infection. 19-8 Waters' radiograph shows opacification of left maxillary sinus by hypertrophied tissue and purulent material (arrows). 19-3), air-fluid levels (caused by accumulation of mucus, pus, or blood) (Fig. Thank. From: Pediatric Radiology (Third Edition), 2009. Figure 12.4B X-ray of the facial sinuses, Waters view, with maxillary opacity and a left air-fluid level. T1 - Significance of post-traumatic maxillary sinus fluid, or lack of fluid, in a level II trauma population. This can be a pus filled sinus, or allergic fungal sinusitis, and could have been missed with our definition of fluid. The presence of pus will produce a horizontal fluid level in this view; provided that there is air above it. Imaging Assessment. Right mandibular infundibulum is occluded and slightly expanded by soft tissue density. X-ray. For the diagnosis of radiologic maxillary sinusitis (total opacity or air-fluid level within the maxillary cavity), the sensitivity was 67 % and the specificity 87 %. The respiratory mocosa comprises of ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells. Deviated nasal septum on a The air space located in the body of the MAXILLARY BONE near each cheek. 2.53 Acute and chronic sinusitis. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. 22-1 and 22-2 ). a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus may be a sign of a basal skull fracture; Maxillary sinuses - CT brain - (bone windows) Lateral. In case of Negative dynamic test (n) 3 30 33 air-fluid level in the maxillary sinus, small air bubbles may Total (n) 55 35 90 cause the degradation of the ultrasound and an ultrasound acoustic barrier cannot distinguish airfluid level from normal sinus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS.
air-fluid levels or opacification. The submentovertex view may be useful in evaluating the lateral and posterior borders of the maxillary sinuses, as well as the ethmoid air cells. Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus have been described in association with skull fracture, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and sinusitis. Left Maxillary Sinusitis Complicated by Brain Abscess MRI.
Answer. Please follow up with your ENT surgeon to assess severity of The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) CT Brain showing air-fluid level in bilateral maxillary air sinuses post brain trauma.
It is helpful to compare one side to the other when examining the radiographs.
In addition, fluid can in some rear cases be present without a high signal on T2WI, or a distinct air-fluid level . There is an air-fluid level in left maxillary sinus and mild mucosal thickening in the right maxillary antrum. The fluid doesn't drain & collects at the bottom. Figure 12.4A X-ray of the facial sinuses, Ap view, demonstrating opacity of the maxillary sinuses. The authors have observed this sign in the absence of significant trauma in patients with epistaxis and nasal packing. The sinuses are small air-filled holes found in the bones of the face. Frontal. Ostium: the ostium of the MS is situated on the superior aspect of the medial wall of the sinus just below the level of the orbital floor; the mean distance from the sinus floor to the ostium being 29 mm. 19-9 Waters' radiograph showing air-fluid level in left maxil- lary sinus and mucosal thickening in right maxillary sinus (arrows).
CT is optimal for evaluating sinus anatomy and drainage pathways, as well as the surrounding bony structures. From the case: Maxillary antrum fracture. The standard radiographic sinus series consists of four views: lateral view, Caldwells view, Waters view, and submentovertex or base view. Within the right maxillary sinus is an air-fluid level from interval drainage since MRI. They reduce skull weight, produce mucus, and affect the tone quality Aug. 2000. Opacification/air-fluid level in the frontal sinuses; Line 2: Look for. It has been noted that 97.9% of maxillary fungal balls presented with the absence of air-fluid level on CT scan, significantly more than in bacterial sinusitis. There are 4 sets of sinuses (maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid), and they are mainly distributed around the eyes. NON DENTAL SINUSITIS. The paranasal sinuses are air-filled bony cavities that extend from the skull base to the alveolar process and laterally from the nasal cavity to
12). Radiology of Maxillary Sinus Extraoral views: Occipitomental View (15 OM): its called Waters view. Paranasal sinus disease is characterized by decreased aeration, mucosal thickening, soft tissue masses (e.g., mucus retention cyst, polyp, mucocele, tumor), air-fluid levels, and demineralization or bone destruction.