The most prominent of these was the famous equivalence E=mc 2 . Their relationship showed strains by 1909, when Albert began to woo a cousin of his. Gravitational Lensing : A phenomenon in which the gravitational force of an object with high mass curves light rays from sources located behind . In the third in particular he used general relativity to explain the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. Enter Einstein In 1905, during his "annus mirabilis" (miracle year), Einstein. In his four papers, published in November 1915, Einstein laid the foundation of the theory. His theories were . (See General Relativity, this volume.) Thus, orbiting bodies travel in geodesicsthe shortest distance between two points. See Page 1. Alfred Engel, TRANSLATOR Engelbert Schucking, CONSULTANT DOC. The theory was the outcome of, in Einstein's own reckoning, seven and more years of work. Then Albert Einstein shook the foundations of physics with the introduction of his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, and his General Theory of Relativity . Comments 11. February 3, 2021 at 9:00 am. In addition to his scientific work, Einstein was an influential humanist who spoke widely about politics, ethics, and social causes.
In addition to his scientific work, Einstein was an influential humanist who spoke widely about politics, ethics, and social causes.
In 1960, Harvard University's Glen Rebka and Robert Pound finally verified Einstein's prediction that gravity could change light's frequency. The mechanics of bodies required adjustments to the notions of energy, momentum and mass. The independence assumption is relaxed in the Debye model.. Modern relativity is based on Einstein's two postulates. The consequences of this constancy are time dilation, length contraction, mass . In Albert Einstein's 1905 theory (special relativity), he showed that among inertial frames of reference there was no "preferred" frame. The fact that it is comprehensible is a miracle.". About this Course. While the model provides qualitative agreement with experimental data, especially for the high-temperature limit, these oscillations are in fact phonons, or collective .
A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. ed. When Einstein put forward his general theory of relativity, that gravity itself is the bending of space and time by mass and energy, it was a seminal moment in the history of science. Einstein's first. That first paper wasn't the end of it, though.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century, was born in Ulm, Germany, to German-Jewish parents. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory . The theory of relativity lets us see how gravity interacts with what we perceive to be the physical world. On November 25, 1915, Einstein submitted one of the most remarkable scientific papers of the twentieth century to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Einstein explains his theory of.
Albert Einstein VOLUME 6 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS, 1914-1917 A. J. Kox, Martin J. Klein, and Robert Schulmann EDITORS Jzsef Illy and Jean Eisenstaedt . Albert Einstein, 1936.
July 25, 2019 In the most comprehensive test of general relativity near the monstrous black hole at the center of our galaxy, researchers report that Einstein's theory of general relativity . Einstein kept obsessing on relativity all through the summer of 1905, and in September he sent in a second paper . This occurred in 1905 when Einstein first revealed what would be known as his Theory of Special Relativity (SR). His contributions to twentieth-century philosophy of science, though of comparable importance, are less well known. 146-200 in translation volume) Princeton University Press Einstein's 1905 theory of relativity had been created to fit with the existing theory.
View full document. The point at which Mercury has its closest approach to the Sun, its perihelion, moves. accelerating) frames of reference as well.
mainstream physicists seem to have fully accepted Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (STR . The main ideas involved in the most important of Einstein's theories date back to this period. The main narrative is enriched by twelve essays by well-known . Co. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory . Albert Einstein published his full theory of general relativity in 1915, followed by a flurry of research papers by Einstein and others exploring the predictions of the theory. It encompasses some of the most important ideas in modern physics, expanding the special theory of relativity he published in 1905. Einstein laid out the challenge as follows: Chart the . Our goal will be to go behind the myth-making and beyond the popularized presentations of relativity in . Einstein's use of the janusian process led to his General Relativity Theory. In general relativity (GR), concentrations of mass and energy curve the structure of spacetime, affecting the motion of anything passing near including light. After leaving Europe, Einstein taught at Princeton University. Albert Einstein 's 1905 theory of special relativity is one of the most important papers ever published in the field of physics. A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. If you are a freshman having no idea how to write a book report, or a graduate looking for some help organizing your efforts to get going on your dissertation, or an international student striving with your research, we are . The revised and updated 2nd edition of this established textbook provides a self-contained introduction to the general theory of relativity, describing not only the physical principles and applications of the theory, but also the mathematics needed, in particular the calculus of differential forms.Updated throughout, the book contains more detailed explanations and extended discussions of . In his four papers, published in November 1915, Einstein laid the foundation of the theory. The two astronomers did so while on an expedition led by Eddington to photograph the day's total solar eclipse, one of the longest solar eclipses of the 20th century at 6 minutes, 51 seconds. Alas, one wishes here for a fuller discussion. Albert Einstein's universal appeal is only partially explained by his brilliant work in physics, as Andrew Robinson demonstrates in this authoritative, accessible, and richly illustrated biography. He described in the General Theory of Re lativity how gravity arises when space and time writhe. Nova. By Alan Lightman Monday, September 8, 1997. Einstein's own philosophy of science is an original synthesis of elements drawn from sources as diverse as neo-Kantianism .
This movement could not be explained by the gravitational . On 25 November 1915 Albert Einstein announced to members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin that his general theory of relativity was complete. This is relativity". Specifically, Einstein's special theory of relativity predicts that time does not flow at a steady rate, and it can be affected by acceleration. His view of relativity dismantled Newton's theory of space and time as absolutes, adding the concept of curved space-time, which deals with the velocity of motion. Amongst these may be mentioned: The Special Theory of Relativity, Inertia of Energy, Theory of the Brownian Movement, and the Quantum-Law of the Emission and Absorption of Light (1905).
Newton's theory of gravitation was soon accepted without question, and it remained unquestioned until the beginning of this century.
Although the concept of relativity was not introduced by Einstein, his major contribution was the recognition that the speed of light in a vacuum is . It . The condensed version Basically, Einstein realized that space is much more than the "space" we live in and that time .
Albert Einstein. Here, a complete . In a newly published study, researchers used high-accuracy clocks and the 634-meter Tokyo Skytree landmark to retest part of Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity. by J. Malcolm Bird 0 Ratings The first postulate of special relativity is the idea that the laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference. Share. September 1905: Mass and Energy. In 1916, Einstein announced his holy grail theory of general relativity. The sun. The condensed version Basically, Einstein realized that space is much more than the "space" we live in and that time.
The Pound-Rebka effect, Rebka's Ph.D. thesis, was the first measurement of Einstein's general relativity prediction of a gravitational redshift.
Formulated by Albert Einstein beginning in 1905, the theory of relativity explains the behavior of objects in space and time, and it can be used to predict . When Einstein began to develop his theory of general relativity, he already knew that light beams are curved near the sun. The Theory of Relativity, proposed by the Jewish physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in the early part of the 20th century, is one of the most significant scientific advances of our time.
In 1907, Einstein published his first . in his first paper on relativity, einstein (1905) asserted that it was necessary to make an assumption in order to be able to compare the times of occurrence of events at spatially separated locations (einstein 1905, 38-40 of the dover translation or 125-127 of the princeton translation; but note scribner 1963, for correction of an error in the In the third in particular he used general relativity to explain the precession of the perihelion of Mercury.
His theories were . The scientist proposed that objects such as the sun . 1879-1955. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity was tested by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin on May 29, 1919. This is the nearest thing to a straight line.
Includes full solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises. In 1915, Einstein published four papers outlining his theory of general relativity, which updated Isaac Newton's laws of gravity by explaining that the force of gravity arose from warps in the . Today, the. A solar eclipse seen in 1919 offered the first widely accepted confirmation of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Explore the entire From the Archives series and check out all our anniversary coverage here. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. In 1914, Mileva and Albert separated, and by 1919 their divorce was final. This is the core of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which is often summed up in words as follows: "matter tells spacetime how to curve, and curved spacetime tells matter how to move". The discovery was not momentary. The thesis that the choice of standard synchrony is a convention, rather than one necessitated by facts about the physical universe (within the framework of the special theory of relativity), has been argued particularly by Reichenbach (see, for example, Reichenbach 1958, 123-135) and Grnbaum (see, for example, Grnbaum 1973, 342-368). An idea born in . For special relativity, we have a few fleeting remarks in Einstein's correspondence prior to the 1905 paper and brief, fragmented
The revised and updated 2nd edition of this established textbook provides a self-contained introduction to the general theory of relativity, describing not only the physical principles and applications of the theory, but also the mathematics needed, in particular the calculus of differential forms.Updated throughout, the book contains more detailed explanations and extended discussions of . It was pondering these developments that led Einstein to discover the special theory of relativity in 1905. Light.
Relativity: The Special & the General Theory.Robert W. Lawson, trans. Even before he had the final theory, Einstein calculated how much these light beams curve but, although he did not know it at the time, he got a result that was two times smaller than the correct value. A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. Finally, the essay by Crisp ("Presentism, eternalism and relativity physics") modestly aims to establish that "current physics gives us no good reason" to prefer orthodox understandings of relativity theory over presentist versions, such as that of Julian Barbour. Countless scientific tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity have been performed, subjecting the idea to some of the most stringent constraints ever obtained by humanity. The second postulate of special relativity is the idea that the speed of light c is a constant, independent of the . The paper presented the final form of what are called the Einstein Equations, the field equations of gravity which underpin Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The World as I See It.London: John Lane the Bodley Head, 1935. Albert later paid Mileva alimony and . After leaving Europe, Einstein taught at Princeton University. Non-academic researchers like Patschke announced public lectures, submitted essays, and tried to establish contact with Einstein and other leading scholars in order to warn themas well-intentioned colleaguesof the falsehood of the theory of relativity and to convince them of the veracity of their own scientific worldviews. The development of general relativity came about, in part, as an attempt to show that this was true among non-inertial (i.e. About the Author. general relativity, where we can call on a seven year record of publication, private calculations and an extensive correspondence, all prior to the completion of the theory. The Einstein solid is a model of a crystalline solid that contains a large number of independent three-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillators of the same frequency. Born in lm, Germany in 1879, Einstein is generally described as having been withdrawn and slow to respond in his . Lifetime discounts guaranteed!
1922, Scientific American Pub.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was born in Germany and became an American citizen in 1940. Using proprietary . It's also why if you wear a watch on your ankle, it will be slower than one on your wrist eventually.
2d rev. Summary: Introduced in 1905, Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity is based on two ideas: the law of physics is constant for anyone moving at a constant speed, and the speed of light is constant for anyone, in any frame of reference.If the speed of light is constant, then time and space must be relative. Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen. Einstein also sketched a relativistic treatment of thermodynamics, the theory of heat and work. Albert Einstein's mind reinvented space and time, foretelling a universe so bizarre and grand that it has challenged the limits of human imagination. 30 The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity (pp.
Part of the book series: Undergraduate Texts in Physics (UNTEPH) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is well known as the most prominent physicist of the twentieth century. Buy an original custom written review on Einsteins Theory of Relativity at a cheap price! Albert Einstein's theory of relativity is actually two separate theories: his special theory of relativity, postulated in the 1905 paper, The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion . A paper titled 'Challenge to the special theory of relativity' to be published on Physics Essays .
This movement could not be explained by the gravitational . How Einstein's theory of relativity changed the world Albert Einstein and his Greatest Work: General Relativity E=mc How we know that Einstein's General Relativity can't be quite right .
In 1916, Einstein announced his holy grail theory of general relativity.
In 1915, Albert Einstein revolutionized physics. Einstein's theories of relativity and gravitation: a selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of 5,000 dollars compiled and edited, and introductory matter supplied by J. Malcolm Bird.
In addition to his scientific work, Einstein was an influential humanist who spoke widely about politics, ethics, and social causes.
In 1960, Harvard University's Glen Rebka and Robert Pound finally verified Einstein's prediction that gravity could change light's frequency. The mechanics of bodies required adjustments to the notions of energy, momentum and mass. The independence assumption is relaxed in the Debye model.. Modern relativity is based on Einstein's two postulates. The consequences of this constancy are time dilation, length contraction, mass . In Albert Einstein's 1905 theory (special relativity), he showed that among inertial frames of reference there was no "preferred" frame. The fact that it is comprehensible is a miracle.". About this Course. While the model provides qualitative agreement with experimental data, especially for the high-temperature limit, these oscillations are in fact phonons, or collective .
A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. ed. When Einstein put forward his general theory of relativity, that gravity itself is the bending of space and time by mass and energy, it was a seminal moment in the history of science. Einstein's first. That first paper wasn't the end of it, though.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century, was born in Ulm, Germany, to German-Jewish parents. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory . The theory of relativity lets us see how gravity interacts with what we perceive to be the physical world. On November 25, 1915, Einstein submitted one of the most remarkable scientific papers of the twentieth century to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Einstein explains his theory of.
Albert Einstein VOLUME 6 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS, 1914-1917 A. J. Kox, Martin J. Klein, and Robert Schulmann EDITORS Jzsef Illy and Jean Eisenstaedt . Albert Einstein, 1936.
July 25, 2019 In the most comprehensive test of general relativity near the monstrous black hole at the center of our galaxy, researchers report that Einstein's theory of general relativity . Einstein kept obsessing on relativity all through the summer of 1905, and in September he sent in a second paper . This occurred in 1905 when Einstein first revealed what would be known as his Theory of Special Relativity (SR). His contributions to twentieth-century philosophy of science, though of comparable importance, are less well known. 146-200 in translation volume) Princeton University Press Einstein's 1905 theory of relativity had been created to fit with the existing theory.
View full document. The point at which Mercury has its closest approach to the Sun, its perihelion, moves. accelerating) frames of reference as well.
mainstream physicists seem to have fully accepted Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (STR . The main ideas involved in the most important of Einstein's theories date back to this period. The main narrative is enriched by twelve essays by well-known . Co. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory . Albert Einstein published his full theory of general relativity in 1915, followed by a flurry of research papers by Einstein and others exploring the predictions of the theory. It encompasses some of the most important ideas in modern physics, expanding the special theory of relativity he published in 1905. Einstein laid out the challenge as follows: Chart the . Our goal will be to go behind the myth-making and beyond the popularized presentations of relativity in . Einstein's use of the janusian process led to his General Relativity Theory. In general relativity (GR), concentrations of mass and energy curve the structure of spacetime, affecting the motion of anything passing near including light. After leaving Europe, Einstein taught at Princeton University. Albert Einstein 's 1905 theory of special relativity is one of the most important papers ever published in the field of physics. A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. If you are a freshman having no idea how to write a book report, or a graduate looking for some help organizing your efforts to get going on your dissertation, or an international student striving with your research, we are . The revised and updated 2nd edition of this established textbook provides a self-contained introduction to the general theory of relativity, describing not only the physical principles and applications of the theory, but also the mathematics needed, in particular the calculus of differential forms.Updated throughout, the book contains more detailed explanations and extended discussions of . In his four papers, published in November 1915, Einstein laid the foundation of the theory. The two astronomers did so while on an expedition led by Eddington to photograph the day's total solar eclipse, one of the longest solar eclipses of the 20th century at 6 minutes, 51 seconds. Alas, one wishes here for a fuller discussion. Albert Einstein's universal appeal is only partially explained by his brilliant work in physics, as Andrew Robinson demonstrates in this authoritative, accessible, and richly illustrated biography. He described in the General Theory of Re lativity how gravity arises when space and time writhe. Nova. By Alan Lightman Monday, September 8, 1997. Einstein's own philosophy of science is an original synthesis of elements drawn from sources as diverse as neo-Kantianism .
This movement could not be explained by the gravitational . On 25 November 1915 Albert Einstein announced to members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin that his general theory of relativity was complete. This is relativity". Specifically, Einstein's special theory of relativity predicts that time does not flow at a steady rate, and it can be affected by acceleration. His view of relativity dismantled Newton's theory of space and time as absolutes, adding the concept of curved space-time, which deals with the velocity of motion. Amongst these may be mentioned: The Special Theory of Relativity, Inertia of Energy, Theory of the Brownian Movement, and the Quantum-Law of the Emission and Absorption of Light (1905).
Newton's theory of gravitation was soon accepted without question, and it remained unquestioned until the beginning of this century.
Although the concept of relativity was not introduced by Einstein, his major contribution was the recognition that the speed of light in a vacuum is . It . The condensed version Basically, Einstein realized that space is much more than the "space" we live in and that time .
Albert Einstein. Here, a complete . In a newly published study, researchers used high-accuracy clocks and the 634-meter Tokyo Skytree landmark to retest part of Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity. by J. Malcolm Bird 0 Ratings The first postulate of special relativity is the idea that the laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference. Share. September 1905: Mass and Energy. In 1916, Einstein announced his holy grail theory of general relativity. The sun. The condensed version Basically, Einstein realized that space is much more than the "space" we live in and that time.
The Pound-Rebka effect, Rebka's Ph.D. thesis, was the first measurement of Einstein's general relativity prediction of a gravitational redshift.
Formulated by Albert Einstein beginning in 1905, the theory of relativity explains the behavior of objects in space and time, and it can be used to predict . When Einstein began to develop his theory of general relativity, he already knew that light beams are curved near the sun. The Theory of Relativity, proposed by the Jewish physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in the early part of the 20th century, is one of the most significant scientific advances of our time.
In 1907, Einstein published his first . in his first paper on relativity, einstein (1905) asserted that it was necessary to make an assumption in order to be able to compare the times of occurrence of events at spatially separated locations (einstein 1905, 38-40 of the dover translation or 125-127 of the princeton translation; but note scribner 1963, for correction of an error in the In the third in particular he used general relativity to explain the precession of the perihelion of Mercury.
His theories were . The scientist proposed that objects such as the sun . 1879-1955. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity was tested by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin on May 29, 1919. This is the nearest thing to a straight line.
Includes full solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises. In 1915, Einstein published four papers outlining his theory of general relativity, which updated Isaac Newton's laws of gravity by explaining that the force of gravity arose from warps in the . Today, the. A solar eclipse seen in 1919 offered the first widely accepted confirmation of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Explore the entire From the Archives series and check out all our anniversary coverage here. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. In 1914, Mileva and Albert separated, and by 1919 their divorce was final. This is the core of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which is often summed up in words as follows: "matter tells spacetime how to curve, and curved spacetime tells matter how to move". The discovery was not momentary. The thesis that the choice of standard synchrony is a convention, rather than one necessitated by facts about the physical universe (within the framework of the special theory of relativity), has been argued particularly by Reichenbach (see, for example, Reichenbach 1958, 123-135) and Grnbaum (see, for example, Grnbaum 1973, 342-368). An idea born in . For special relativity, we have a few fleeting remarks in Einstein's correspondence prior to the 1905 paper and brief, fragmented
The revised and updated 2nd edition of this established textbook provides a self-contained introduction to the general theory of relativity, describing not only the physical principles and applications of the theory, but also the mathematics needed, in particular the calculus of differential forms.Updated throughout, the book contains more detailed explanations and extended discussions of . It was pondering these developments that led Einstein to discover the special theory of relativity in 1905. Light.
Relativity: The Special & the General Theory.Robert W. Lawson, trans. Even before he had the final theory, Einstein calculated how much these light beams curve but, although he did not know it at the time, he got a result that was two times smaller than the correct value. A world-famous theoretical physicist, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics and is renowned for his Theory of Relativity. Finally, the essay by Crisp ("Presentism, eternalism and relativity physics") modestly aims to establish that "current physics gives us no good reason" to prefer orthodox understandings of relativity theory over presentist versions, such as that of Julian Barbour. Countless scientific tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity have been performed, subjecting the idea to some of the most stringent constraints ever obtained by humanity. The second postulate of special relativity is the idea that the speed of light c is a constant, independent of the . The paper presented the final form of what are called the Einstein Equations, the field equations of gravity which underpin Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The World as I See It.London: John Lane the Bodley Head, 1935. Albert later paid Mileva alimony and . After leaving Europe, Einstein taught at Princeton University. Non-academic researchers like Patschke announced public lectures, submitted essays, and tried to establish contact with Einstein and other leading scholars in order to warn themas well-intentioned colleaguesof the falsehood of the theory of relativity and to convince them of the veracity of their own scientific worldviews. The development of general relativity came about, in part, as an attempt to show that this was true among non-inertial (i.e. About the Author. general relativity, where we can call on a seven year record of publication, private calculations and an extensive correspondence, all prior to the completion of the theory. The Einstein solid is a model of a crystalline solid that contains a large number of independent three-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillators of the same frequency. Born in lm, Germany in 1879, Einstein is generally described as having been withdrawn and slow to respond in his . Lifetime discounts guaranteed!
1922, Scientific American Pub.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was born in Germany and became an American citizen in 1940. Using proprietary . It's also why if you wear a watch on your ankle, it will be slower than one on your wrist eventually.
2d rev. Summary: Introduced in 1905, Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity is based on two ideas: the law of physics is constant for anyone moving at a constant speed, and the speed of light is constant for anyone, in any frame of reference.If the speed of light is constant, then time and space must be relative. Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen. Einstein also sketched a relativistic treatment of thermodynamics, the theory of heat and work. Albert Einstein's mind reinvented space and time, foretelling a universe so bizarre and grand that it has challenged the limits of human imagination. 30 The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity (pp.
Part of the book series: Undergraduate Texts in Physics (UNTEPH) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is well known as the most prominent physicist of the twentieth century. Buy an original custom written review on Einsteins Theory of Relativity at a cheap price! Albert Einstein's theory of relativity is actually two separate theories: his special theory of relativity, postulated in the 1905 paper, The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion . A paper titled 'Challenge to the special theory of relativity' to be published on Physics Essays .
This movement could not be explained by the gravitational . How Einstein's theory of relativity changed the world Albert Einstein and his Greatest Work: General Relativity E=mc How we know that Einstein's General Relativity can't be quite right .
In 1916, Einstein announced his holy grail theory of general relativity.
In 1915, Albert Einstein revolutionized physics. Einstein's theories of relativity and gravitation: a selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of 5,000 dollars compiled and edited, and introductory matter supplied by J. Malcolm Bird.