Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. There are at least three hypotheses about the emergence and mutation of human blood groups. (A, B or O) e. Which allele is recessive? There are four different ABO blood groups (see Table1), determined by whether or not an individual's red cells carry the A antigen, the B antigen, both A and B antigens or neither. The 4 different blood groups in the ABO system are A, B, AB and O. 4 Different Types of Blood Groups You can Donate and Receive: These Are Classified According To Their Antigens Blood group A. Your blood type is also determined by Rh status: Rh+ or Rh-. An individual's ABO type results from the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent. Poor diet, congenital anemia, bleeding Name the granular and agranular WBCs.
There are four major categories within the ABO group: A, B, O, and AB. Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are specialized proteins that identify and defend against foreign intruders to the body. Here you can find a short description on how the blood typing works. Abstract. Be able to . The gene (I) has three alleles IA, IB and i. Group AB -contains both A and B antigen and no antibodies (neither A nor B). The ABO Blood Group. Although the ABO blood group name consists of three letters, ABO blood typing designates the presence or absence of just two antigens, A and B. The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies. Your ABO type is based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells. CONCLUSION AND DISSCUSSION The ABO grouping is to the genetically determined individual differences presences of the two antigens which are A and B, stimulate production of different antibodies. One combination, OO, gives blood type O. Susan Offner. INTRODUCTION B-1: Briefly summarize, in your own words, the relevant background information. See blood group. ABO Blood Groups in Humans. Most blood group antigens are glycoproteins and their specificity is mostly determined either by the oligosaccharide or amino acid sequence. A gene for the specification of antigens A or B or type O determines the blood type. In 1900 Karl Landsteiner, a physician at the University of Vienna, Austria, noted that the sera of some individuals caused the red cells of others to agglutinate.This observation led to the discovery of the ABO blood group system, for which Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize.Based on the reactions between the red blood cells and the . Blood group O Blood group AB. Antibodies and antigens in the blood help to identify your blood type. Each group is important and we need donors from every group to ensure we have the right blood for the people who need it. There are three different alleles for human blood type, known as I A, I B, and i. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. What antibody is present in the plasma of a person who is group B? So there's a 1 out of 4, or 25% chance, that the child will have blood type O and 3 out of 4, or 75% chance that the child will have blood type A. Rates of ABO Blood Group in PE. An allele is one of several different forms of genetic information that is present in our DNA at a specific location on a specific chromosome. . There are four main ABO blood type groupings: A, B, AB, and O. BLOOD GROUP: ANTIGEN: ANTIBODY : A: A: anti-B : B: B: anti-A : AB: In PE, the rates of the A, B, and AB blood group decreased gradually (0.33, 0.19, and 0.07). There are four ABO types: A, B, AB and O. A person's blood group is determined by a pair of genes - one gene inherited from each parent. decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the next child will have blood group O. parental blood . A and B antigens. A = 37%; B = 11%; AB = 4%; O = 48%. This example shows the importance of knowing the parents' genotypes to figure out a child's possible blood type. Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are specialized proteins that identify and defend against foreign intruders to the body. Group B. Global distribution pattern of blood groups depends on various environmental factors, such as disease, climate, altitude, humidity etc. Anti-B antibodies attack the B antigens on the foreign blood. It is estimated that only 15 donors are identified across India with this blood group. There are over 30 known blood group systems, though the two main ones are the ABO and the Rh group. The rapid intravascular hemolysis which occurs in ABO incompatible transfusions can . . The red cell membrane contains many anchored surface proteins; many of these are polymorphic and carry the different blood groups. The four types of blood groups are A, B, AB and O. (a) Parents with the genotypes IAIo and IBIo are planning to have more children. The frequency of ABO groups varies in different ethnic populations and this must be taken into account when recruiting representative blood donor panels. Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely A and B. Thus, this phenomenal tool aids you in determining the paternity of a child. Your blood group is said to be: A+ (A positive) if you have A and rhesus antigens. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. What are the four possible ABO blood types for humans (phenotypes)? The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies. There are currently 43 recognised blood group systems containing 345 red cell antigens (June 2021). It has three allele forms - A, B and O . Lab Report 4 Student's name:_Rogena Seddik A. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group: . PubMed. Mother's Rh Type. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria . TITLE: ABO-Rh Blood Typing B. Blood group antigens are observed on O-glycoproteins, N-glycoproteins, and glycolipids, both on red blood cells and various other cells of the body. International Society of Blood Transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. 6 There are four blood groups in the ABO system in humans: A, B, AB and O. The two main blood groups are termed ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O) and Rh (with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types). In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (-), creating the 8 most common blood types ( A+, A- , B+, B- , O+, O- , AB+, AB- ). Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): ABO antigen molecules. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, IA, and IB. Question: NAME DATE Student Introduction to Blood Types You will perform tests to determine the ABO properties of four blood samples 1. Lutheran, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood groups, spoken of after their names in whose blood they first .
Erythrocytes are most numerous. The evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. The 43 systems are genetically . The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The human blood consists of 4 main components, the red blood cells, the white blood cells, the plasma and the platelets.The red blood cells are the components that help in determining a person's blood type.The ABO system is the main blood grouping system behind the principle that helps classify people into one of the following four groups, i.e., There are four main blood groups in the ABO group system. ABO Blood Groups. Group A - contains antigen A and antibody B. ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. Be able to name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system. 2.6 ABO blood group antigens. Your genetic make-up, which you inherit from your parents, determines which antigens are present on your red blood cells. Transfusing a patient with the incorrect ABO group Blood may have fatal consequences. Human blood type is determined by co-dominant alleles. 2.4: The ABO system. Anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins (alloantibodies) are present only in the blood sera of individuals not possessing that specificity.
Blood Type. Google Scholar. If you have blood type A, what are your two possible genotypes? Although the ABO blood group name consists of three letters, ABO blood typing designates the presence or absence . People who are type O have OO genotypes. Through a series of experiments, Landsteiner classified blood into the four well-known . Always replace the cap on one vial before opening the neil, to . An enzyme, glycosyltransferase, is the product of this gene, 2 and differences in the sequence of this enzyme (polymorphisms) determine whether the enzyme attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (antigen A), galactose (antigen B), or no sugar . It is based on the premise that individuals have antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) that correspond to the four main blood groups: A, B, O, and AB. What is the frequency of each ABO group in the United States? Blood grouping and cross-matching is one of the few important tests that the anaesthesiologist orders during perioperative period. Antigens in this system are glycoproteins. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group: . Other subgroups of A are A3, A x, and A m. Blood Group B also has subgroups, but these are very rare. Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system) Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present. Among these 38 systems, the ABO and Rh are the most widely used. There are 4 main blood groups of human blood which are O, A, B, and AB, which is also called the ABO blood type. Type 1 and 2 structures are Gal1-3GlcNAc-R and Gal1-4GlcNAc-R, respectively (Fig. Any individual, no matter their ABO blood type, may have or lack this Rh antigen. Both are glycoproteins. The Human ABO markers: The A, B, and O alleles. Doctors call this the ABO Blood Group System. BLOOD GROUP: ANTIGEN: ANTIBODY : A: A: anti-B : B: B: anti-A : AB: The two alleles that are encoded for the A and . Using the dropper vial, place a drop of the first synthetic blood sample in each well of the blood tying it Replace the cap on the dropper vial. For example, A positive (A +) means ABO group A blood with the Rh antigen present, and AB negative (AB ) means ABO group AB blood . Objectives Be able to name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system. According to the ABO-blood group system, A, B, AB and O are the four phenotypes. Be able to tell which of these two antibodies would be found in individuals of each ABO type, and briefly explain why ordinarily they would or would not be present. Principle Of Blood Grouping. When identifying a patient's blood type, the Rh group is designated by adding the word positive or negative to the ABO type. The four major blood groups are based on whether or not you have two specific antigens -- A and B. All normal individuals have antibodies to the A or B antigens that are not present on their own red cells (Table 2.1). 3 . What antigens present on red blood cells determine the ABO groups? Depending on these factors, the blood type can be A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+ or AB-. People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are designated blood type A, and those whose erythrocytes have B antigens are blood type B. Abstract. ABO Blood Groups. The possible outcomes are shown below: Both A and B alleles are dominant over O.
Find the child's value in yellow and the mother's value in blue. The most common reason for this type of ABO discrepancy is: Within these groups, there are a further eight blood types. The four main ABO group are listed in Table 4.5. iii. People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are designated blood type A, and those whose erythrocytes have B antigens are blood type B. Just knowing "type A" isn't . The 30 human blood group system genes have been identified and sequenced . The ABO Blood Group. BE SURE TO INCLUDE A REFERENCE, EVEN IF IT IS THIS LAB MANUAL. As shown in Figure 5, we can see that the rate of the O blood group was 0.39 (95% CI 0.33-0.44, I2 = 90%). It gives rise to six possible genotypes and four possible phenotypes (blood types). The American Biology Teacher (2015) 77 (8): 583-586. The ABO blood group and RhD antigen determine the type of blood that is a perfect match for blood . In the ABO system of blood groups, if both antigens are present but no . ABO and Rhesus: the two main blood group systems. There are four main blood groups: A, B, AB and O. ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important blood grouping systems from clinical aspect. d. Which two alleles are dominant (codominance)? B. Blood types are classified into four categories of ABO blood groups such as A, B, O, or AB type blood and Rh factor either positive or negative. follow example in highlighted columni Type A blood) Type A blood; Type B blood; Type AB blood; Type O blood Blood sample Type A antigen Anti-B antibodies Type B . A, B, AB, and O. The ABO blood group is the most important of all the blood group systems. 2.4: The ABO system. It is based on the premise that individuals have antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) that correspond to the four main blood groups: A, B, O, and AB. The ABO group system gives the letter part of your blood type and Rh system gives the positive or negative part. The 30 human blood group system genes have been identified and sequenced . Each blood group is identified by its own set of molecules (called antigens), which are located on the surface of red blood cells. When a person needs a blood transfusion, the donated . All normal individuals have antibodies to the A or B antigens that are not present on their own red cells (Table 2.1). The ABO group system. . Every 2 seconds, a person in the United States needs blood. Group A is red blood cells contain A antigens, the plasma has anti-B antigens,group B is B antigens are . For simplicity, we can call these alleles A (for I A ), B (for I B ), and O (for i). Go to: Blood groups in Iran Group B -contains antigen B and antibody A. The rates of the O, A, B, and AB blood groups were further analyzed by forest plots. Apart from ABO and Rhesus system, many other types of antigens have been noticed on the red cell membranes.
The ABO Blood Group. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. Her cell grouping (forward typing) is consistent with blood group O, while her serum grouping (reverse grouping or "back-typing") appears to be group A. WBCs and platelets make up the buffy coat. Blood group B = A1B and A2B. Give the major function of each type in the body. Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system) Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present. The A, B, and O antigens are present on most human body cells, including white blood cells and platelets. Type A and B are the two antigens associated with the RBC membrane, while anti-A and anti-B are the two antibodies naturally present in the blood plasma. B subgroups, including B1, B2, B3, and rare types w, x, v, m. Subgroups, including O1, O2, O3, and other types such as Yy, Hh, Xx, and Bombay.
There are four major categories within the ABO group: A, B, O, and AB. Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are specialized proteins that identify and defend against foreign intruders to the body. Here you can find a short description on how the blood typing works. Abstract. Be able to . The gene (I) has three alleles IA, IB and i. Group AB -contains both A and B antigen and no antibodies (neither A nor B). The ABO Blood Group. Although the ABO blood group name consists of three letters, ABO blood typing designates the presence or absence of just two antigens, A and B. The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies. Your ABO type is based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells. CONCLUSION AND DISSCUSSION The ABO grouping is to the genetically determined individual differences presences of the two antigens which are A and B, stimulate production of different antibodies. One combination, OO, gives blood type O. Susan Offner. INTRODUCTION B-1: Briefly summarize, in your own words, the relevant background information. See blood group. ABO Blood Groups in Humans. Most blood group antigens are glycoproteins and their specificity is mostly determined either by the oligosaccharide or amino acid sequence. A gene for the specification of antigens A or B or type O determines the blood type. In 1900 Karl Landsteiner, a physician at the University of Vienna, Austria, noted that the sera of some individuals caused the red cells of others to agglutinate.This observation led to the discovery of the ABO blood group system, for which Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize.Based on the reactions between the red blood cells and the . Blood group O Blood group AB. Antibodies and antigens in the blood help to identify your blood type. Each group is important and we need donors from every group to ensure we have the right blood for the people who need it. There are three different alleles for human blood type, known as I A, I B, and i. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. What antibody is present in the plasma of a person who is group B? So there's a 1 out of 4, or 25% chance, that the child will have blood type O and 3 out of 4, or 75% chance that the child will have blood type A. Rates of ABO Blood Group in PE. An allele is one of several different forms of genetic information that is present in our DNA at a specific location on a specific chromosome. . There are four main ABO blood type groupings: A, B, AB, and O. BLOOD GROUP: ANTIGEN: ANTIBODY : A: A: anti-B : B: B: anti-A : AB: In PE, the rates of the A, B, and AB blood group decreased gradually (0.33, 0.19, and 0.07). There are four ABO types: A, B, AB and O. A person's blood group is determined by a pair of genes - one gene inherited from each parent. decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the next child will have blood group O. parental blood . A and B antigens. A = 37%; B = 11%; AB = 4%; O = 48%. This example shows the importance of knowing the parents' genotypes to figure out a child's possible blood type. Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are specialized proteins that identify and defend against foreign intruders to the body. Group B. Global distribution pattern of blood groups depends on various environmental factors, such as disease, climate, altitude, humidity etc. Anti-B antibodies attack the B antigens on the foreign blood. It is estimated that only 15 donors are identified across India with this blood group. There are over 30 known blood group systems, though the two main ones are the ABO and the Rh group. The rapid intravascular hemolysis which occurs in ABO incompatible transfusions can . . The red cell membrane contains many anchored surface proteins; many of these are polymorphic and carry the different blood groups. The four types of blood groups are A, B, AB and O. (a) Parents with the genotypes IAIo and IBIo are planning to have more children. The frequency of ABO groups varies in different ethnic populations and this must be taken into account when recruiting representative blood donor panels. Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely A and B. Thus, this phenomenal tool aids you in determining the paternity of a child. Your blood group is said to be: A+ (A positive) if you have A and rhesus antigens. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. What are the four possible ABO blood types for humans (phenotypes)? The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies. There are currently 43 recognised blood group systems containing 345 red cell antigens (June 2021). It has three allele forms - A, B and O . Lab Report 4 Student's name:_Rogena Seddik A. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group: . PubMed. Mother's Rh Type. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria . TITLE: ABO-Rh Blood Typing B. Blood group antigens are observed on O-glycoproteins, N-glycoproteins, and glycolipids, both on red blood cells and various other cells of the body. International Society of Blood Transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. 6 There are four blood groups in the ABO system in humans: A, B, AB and O. The two main blood groups are termed ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O) and Rh (with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types). In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (-), creating the 8 most common blood types ( A+, A- , B+, B- , O+, O- , AB+, AB- ). Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): ABO antigen molecules. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, IA, and IB. Question: NAME DATE Student Introduction to Blood Types You will perform tests to determine the ABO properties of four blood samples 1. Lutheran, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood groups, spoken of after their names in whose blood they first .
Erythrocytes are most numerous. The evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. The 43 systems are genetically . The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The human blood consists of 4 main components, the red blood cells, the white blood cells, the plasma and the platelets.The red blood cells are the components that help in determining a person's blood type.The ABO system is the main blood grouping system behind the principle that helps classify people into one of the following four groups, i.e., There are four main blood groups in the ABO group system. ABO Blood Groups. Group A - contains antigen A and antibody B. ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. Be able to name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system. 2.6 ABO blood group antigens. Your genetic make-up, which you inherit from your parents, determines which antigens are present on your red blood cells. Transfusing a patient with the incorrect ABO group Blood may have fatal consequences. Human blood type is determined by co-dominant alleles. 2.4: The ABO system. Anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins (alloantibodies) are present only in the blood sera of individuals not possessing that specificity.
Blood Type. Google Scholar. If you have blood type A, what are your two possible genotypes? Although the ABO blood group name consists of three letters, ABO blood typing designates the presence or absence . People who are type O have OO genotypes. Through a series of experiments, Landsteiner classified blood into the four well-known . Always replace the cap on one vial before opening the neil, to . An enzyme, glycosyltransferase, is the product of this gene, 2 and differences in the sequence of this enzyme (polymorphisms) determine whether the enzyme attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (antigen A), galactose (antigen B), or no sugar . It is based on the premise that individuals have antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) that correspond to the four main blood groups: A, B, O, and AB. What is the frequency of each ABO group in the United States? Blood grouping and cross-matching is one of the few important tests that the anaesthesiologist orders during perioperative period. Antigens in this system are glycoproteins. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group: . Other subgroups of A are A3, A x, and A m. Blood Group B also has subgroups, but these are very rare. Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system) Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present. Among these 38 systems, the ABO and Rh are the most widely used. There are 4 main blood groups of human blood which are O, A, B, and AB, which is also called the ABO blood type. Type 1 and 2 structures are Gal1-3GlcNAc-R and Gal1-4GlcNAc-R, respectively (Fig. Any individual, no matter their ABO blood type, may have or lack this Rh antigen. Both are glycoproteins. The Human ABO markers: The A, B, and O alleles. Doctors call this the ABO Blood Group System. BLOOD GROUP: ANTIGEN: ANTIBODY : A: A: anti-B : B: B: anti-A : AB: The two alleles that are encoded for the A and . Using the dropper vial, place a drop of the first synthetic blood sample in each well of the blood tying it Replace the cap on the dropper vial. For example, A positive (A +) means ABO group A blood with the Rh antigen present, and AB negative (AB ) means ABO group AB blood . Objectives Be able to name the four major blood types (phenotypes) in the ABO system. According to the ABO-blood group system, A, B, AB and O are the four phenotypes. Be able to tell which of these two antibodies would be found in individuals of each ABO type, and briefly explain why ordinarily they would or would not be present. Principle Of Blood Grouping. When identifying a patient's blood type, the Rh group is designated by adding the word positive or negative to the ABO type. The four major blood groups are based on whether or not you have two specific antigens -- A and B. All normal individuals have antibodies to the A or B antigens that are not present on their own red cells (Table 2.1). 3 . What antigens present on red blood cells determine the ABO groups? Depending on these factors, the blood type can be A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+ or AB-. People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are designated blood type A, and those whose erythrocytes have B antigens are blood type B. Abstract. ABO Blood Groups. The possible outcomes are shown below: Both A and B alleles are dominant over O.
Find the child's value in yellow and the mother's value in blue. The most common reason for this type of ABO discrepancy is: Within these groups, there are a further eight blood types. The four main ABO group are listed in Table 4.5. iii. People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are designated blood type A, and those whose erythrocytes have B antigens are blood type B. Just knowing "type A" isn't . The 30 human blood group system genes have been identified and sequenced . The ABO Blood Group. BE SURE TO INCLUDE A REFERENCE, EVEN IF IT IS THIS LAB MANUAL. As shown in Figure 5, we can see that the rate of the O blood group was 0.39 (95% CI 0.33-0.44, I2 = 90%). It gives rise to six possible genotypes and four possible phenotypes (blood types). The American Biology Teacher (2015) 77 (8): 583-586. The ABO blood group and RhD antigen determine the type of blood that is a perfect match for blood . In the ABO system of blood groups, if both antigens are present but no . ABO and Rhesus: the two main blood group systems. There are four main blood groups: A, B, AB and O. ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important blood grouping systems from clinical aspect. d. Which two alleles are dominant (codominance)? B. Blood types are classified into four categories of ABO blood groups such as A, B, O, or AB type blood and Rh factor either positive or negative. follow example in highlighted columni Type A blood) Type A blood; Type B blood; Type AB blood; Type O blood Blood sample Type A antigen Anti-B antibodies Type B . A, B, AB, and O. The ABO blood group is the most important of all the blood group systems. 2.4: The ABO system. It is based on the premise that individuals have antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) that correspond to the four main blood groups: A, B, O, and AB. The ABO group system gives the letter part of your blood type and Rh system gives the positive or negative part. The 30 human blood group system genes have been identified and sequenced . Each blood group is identified by its own set of molecules (called antigens), which are located on the surface of red blood cells. When a person needs a blood transfusion, the donated . All normal individuals have antibodies to the A or B antigens that are not present on their own red cells (Table 2.1). The ABO group system. . Every 2 seconds, a person in the United States needs blood. Group A is red blood cells contain A antigens, the plasma has anti-B antigens,group B is B antigens are . For simplicity, we can call these alleles A (for I A ), B (for I B ), and O (for i). Go to: Blood groups in Iran Group B -contains antigen B and antibody A. The rates of the O, A, B, and AB blood groups were further analyzed by forest plots. Apart from ABO and Rhesus system, many other types of antigens have been noticed on the red cell membranes.
The ABO Blood Group. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. Her cell grouping (forward typing) is consistent with blood group O, while her serum grouping (reverse grouping or "back-typing") appears to be group A. WBCs and platelets make up the buffy coat. Blood group B = A1B and A2B. Give the major function of each type in the body. Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system) Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present. The A, B, and O antigens are present on most human body cells, including white blood cells and platelets. Type A and B are the two antigens associated with the RBC membrane, while anti-A and anti-B are the two antibodies naturally present in the blood plasma. B subgroups, including B1, B2, B3, and rare types w, x, v, m. Subgroups, including O1, O2, O3, and other types such as Yy, Hh, Xx, and Bombay.