APTA Industry Footprint . With highway travel . These transport modes play a crucial role in economic development in Asia and will continue to do so. (a) The average passenger car in the U.S. produces just under 1 pound of carbon dioxide per mile traveled. Reduce your carbon footprint - According to rideshare.com, every car annually emits its own weight in carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Since 1990, greenhouse gas emissions have fallen 41 per cent in the UK, while carbon dioxide - the main greenhouse gas - is down 36 per cent. The following are some of the most common. Those who choose to ride public transportation reduce their carbon footprint and conserve energy by eliminating travel that would have otherwise been made in a private vehicle. BHUBANESWAR: The Smart City's public transport system will soon have a Low Carbon Mobility (LCM) component. Your carbon footprint is determined by your way of life and the activities you engage in on a regular basis that result in greenhouse gas emissions. That . The key to stopping or slowing global warming may lie with citiesparticularly large and wealthy ones. An electric car's carbon footprint includes the greenhouse gas from the mining, manufacturing, shipping and recycling. Briefly, a Carbon Calculator is a computer programme that calculates your Carbon Footprint. Public Transportation Reduces Gasoline Consumption Public transportation's overall effects save the United States 6 billion gallons of gasoline annually. Public transport, designed by the community to get them where they need . Industries have failed . CAR. It is incredible to think about how much the world has changed in the last six months. While the train from Toronto outperformed the SUV and the plane in fuel efficiency, its emissions were the highest of all modes, due to diesel fuel and a circuitous trip. Add all your vehicles and their individual consumption units 5.) Opting for a digital bank account like digibank by DBS is also an . Transport accounted for 37 percent of the carbon footprint of households, food and non-alcoholic beverages contributed 25 percent, and housing and household utilities, which included the use of electricity, contributed 12 percent. Letter: Using public transportation can help reduce carbon emissions. 2700+ Total Public Transit Systems Digitally Represented . The sector emitted 102 million tonnes carbon dioxide (MtCO2) in 2018, representing 18% of Australia's annual greenhouse gas pollution. Staying in hotel: In your hotel, turn off lights and a/c and wash towels every other day to reduce your carbon footprint. Here's a table with compiled average results: In his book, Berners-Lee writes that the average global citizen has a carbon footprint that is equivalent to the emission of seven tons of carbon dioxide per year. The National Transport Commission estimates that if Australian consumers purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions, average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for new light vehicles would be 60% lower. Some people call them "dryers," others tell it like it is and call them "shrinkers.". Full text Region India Tags Carbon footprint Public transport Urban Bus rapid transit system It outlines the key timelines,.
While not in the chart, the carbon footprint of cycling one kilometer is usually in the range of 16 to 50 grams CO2eq per km depending on how efficiently you cycle and what you eat." The top number. action to reduce Australia's absolute carbon footprint.5 However, another 2020 event to grip our nation, and indeed the world, has been the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerned about global warming, many people are now looking for ways to reduce their generation of carbon dioxide (CO 2).One option is to use public transport and limit journeys by car and plane; however, although this can significantly reduce each person's carbon footprint, until now the benefits have been difficult to measure. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation account for about 27 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, making it the largest contributor of U.S. GHG emissions. "That is about planning urban development so that wherever people live, everything that they need is within 15 minutes of walking or cycling or public transport," says Murray. Using Capturea carbon footprint tracker and sustainability appto track emissions, this Singaporean commute of 46 minutes (one . Your carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gasesincluding carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and othersthat you produce as you live your life. Effective transportation networks that incorporate public transit help lower a city's per capita carbon footprint, and make cities more livable by easing commute and transportation needs and increasing accessibility. Cars are responsible for higher emissions than trains or buses with road travel making up around three-quarters of the total transportation emissions globally. Hydroflex. This paper helps to enhance the scope and not limit to just tailpipe or a particular city and help make informed choices regarding public transport systems based on the economic, social and environmental goals set by national, state or city governments. Transport accounts for around one-fifth of global carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions [24% if we only consider CO2 emissions from energy]. The IEA looks at CO 2 emissions from energy production alone - in 2018 it reported 33.5 billion tonnes of energy-related CO 2 [hence, transport accounted for 8 billion / 33.5 billion = 24% of energy-related emissions. Use public transport: Transportation is one of the most significant sources of increasing carbon footprint. Per passenger mile traveled, private vehicles in the U.S. have an average emissions rate of 0.27 kg CO 2, while public transit has a rate of 0.24 kg. In 2019: Gross GHG emissions were mainly made up of carbon dioxide (45.5 percent), methane (42.1 percent), and nitrous oxide (10.2 percent). However, that figure is. And I feel like I'm doing something for the common good. 8,896. Time 's Global Warming Survival Guide says "Ride the Bus." But does bus transit really reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Carshare and use public transport: Sharing the car journey with colleagues .
The latest major study in this debate says yes. Public Transportation . Cars and buses contribute 45.1% of transport emissions, and road travel as a whole contributes to 15% of total CO 2 emissions. Public Transportation Individuals can save more than $9,738 per year by taking public transportation instead of driving. how often you travel by air and public transport.
Sam Ballard reports. Where possible, take direct flights and fly economy - in first-class or business class, fewer people are sitting in more space, which makes their individual carbon footprints larger. The Scottish Government has committed to almost complete decarbonisation of the road transport sector by 2050. 4. the volume of paper you go through. Car transportation alone accounts for 47% of the carbon foot - print of a typical American family with two carsby far the largest source of household emissions and, as such, the larg- est target for potential reductions. Using public transport like train, bus, etc., or walking for short distances instead of driving a car can contribute to a great extent to the reduction in carbon footprint.
of the transportation sector to carbon footprint has provided a renewed focus of public transit's potential contribution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. don't have access to public transport, or can't afford the upfront cost . Public Transportation Reduces Carbon Footprint Communities that invest in public transit reduce the nation's carbon emissions by 63 million metric tons annually. Public transportation use reduces travel by private vehicles. Citation in PubAg 390; Full Text 15; Journal. You can modify your habits to buy more local foods and make changes in your lifestyle by using second-hand products to reduce the demand for more production of consumables. The carbon handprint movement emphasizes individual forms of carbon offsetting, like using more public transportation or planting trees in deforested regions, to reduce one's carbon footprint and increase their "handprint." As countries . One of the best ways to do this is via public transportation to get around, as opposed to taxis or rental cars. In Singapore, there are 636,180 registered cars as of 2020, and globally, the transport industry is responsible for about 24% of total global emissions!
Public transportation is an $79 billion industry that employs more than 430,000 people and supports millions of private-sector jobs. Using public transport like train, bus, etc., or walking for short distances instead of driving a car can contribute to a great extent to the reduction in carbon footprint. - http://www.carbonfootprint.com (You will use this calculator to determine the numbers that will make up your total footprint.) That was the major finding of an effort to map the carbon footprint of 13,000 citiesone of the first times researchers analyzed so many areas with a consistent methodology. In 2019 New Zealand's gross greenhouse gas emissions were 82.3 million tonnes of CO 2 -e, 0.2 percent lower than 2005 and 26.4 percent higher than 1990. Whenever an individual drives a car, heats their home, or buys food and other goods a certain amount of carbon dioxide is produced as a result of the manufacturing, fuel extraction, or transportation. You can reduce your carbon footprint by: walking or cycling around town - it's a great way to get fit and save money on fuel and car parking fees; carpooling with friends and family; choosing public transport; using a park and ride .
Recycling waste, using renewable energy, taking public transport and using less plastic are some actions that reduce our carbon footprint, help protect the environment and guarantee . the water you use. Area of facilities and percent of occupancy. Apr 18, 2018 carbon-footprint-transportation, Electric Vehicles, fuel-efficient cars After three flat years, carbon dioxide emissions rose again in 2017, showing that the earth's struggles with climate change will only continue. Learn more: Global emissions by economic sector. On a per trip basis, private vehicles result in 2.59 kg CO 2 emissions, and public transit trips result in 1.27 kg emissions. While the train from Toronto outperformed the SUV and the plane in fuel efficiency, its emissions were the highest of all modes, due to diesel fuel and a circuitous trip. If you want to lower your carbon footprint, you should examine alternate forms of transportation that do not rely on the combustion of fossil fuels. . Over short distances, driving an average . You can offset your carbon footprint by opting for public transportation. . Transportation - 27% Electricity - 25% Industry - 24% Agriculture - 11% Commercial - 7% Residential - 6% 2020 U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions by Source Light-Duty Vehicles - 57% Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks - 26% Aircraft - 8% Other - 5% Rail - 2% Ships and Boats - 2% Note: Totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. by Opinion Contributor January 8, 2022. Hydroflex. This amounts to 30% of total public sector greenhouse gas emissions, and 3.2% of the total CO 2 emissions of the country as a whole. Carpooling reduces that amount significantly. Public transportation is one of the most effective tools we have to fight climate change. Moreover, this mode can lead to substantial environmental benefits. This plan brings together all of our committed funding streams and measures for decarbonising cars and vans, from across government, into a single document. Where possible, take direct flights and fly economy - in first-class or business class, fewer people are sitting in more space, which makes their individual carbon footprints larger. Our daughter will grow up used to car-less transport. July 30th 2020 Tech. Minimise carbon footprint at home by using energy-efficient appliances and reducing water use.
March 20, 2019. . 2017. Overall, eating low down the food chain as often as you can is a probably a good way to reduce your carbon footprint and stay healthy, say experts. Determining a carbon footprint is easier said than done, and it's not clear how much weight we should put on it. Emissions were 2.2 percent higher than 2018. Light vehicles - cars, 4x4s, SUVs and small commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes - account for 10% of Australia's greenhouse gas emissions. The total emissions are expressed as CO 2 equivalents, the amount of CO 2 that would . Pineda Blanco United States, UC Davis 2018 Changes in Online Shopping Behavior During the Last Decade Determines that a specific . CAR. IEA (2020), Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, IEA, Paris. Offices can reduce carbon footprint by encouraging carpooling and replacing paper with digital documentation. Enter your zip code 3.) The Scottish Government aims to reduce carbon emissions from the road transport sector. The Carbon Footprint The Time for Change Organisation, best defines the term "carbon footprint" as "The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)." "Carbon Footprint" is a metaphor to illustrate for the amount of carbon emissions the global community let into the . "A small number of large and or affluent cities drive a significant share of national total emissions," said . Fly smart. Offset your emissions. green, HUMANS OF THE U, MARTIN CUMA, public transit, reduce carbon footprint, safety, sustainability, transportation Leave a comment Invert the Inversion . Yes, that's TONS . Try and use the most comprehensive calculator that you can find to analyse all of your behaviour and consumption. The American Public Transit Association claims that public transit saves an estimated 1.4 billion gallons of gas annually, which translates into about 14 million tons of CO2. Input the total number of people living in your current household and the total number bedrooms 4.) Switched On Scotland: A Roadmap to Widespread Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles sets out a vision that Scotland's towns, cities and communities will be . Reducing emissions from road transport remains a significant challenge as the UK looks to reach net zero emissions by 2050; at the end of 2018, 0.5% of all vehicles licensed in the UK were. 6,722. While this news discouraged those who believed we might have finally hit peak levels, there's plenty to be hopeful about. And don't . According to a Union of Concerned Scientists study, the largest contributor to Americans' carbon footprint is transportation, generating 28% of overall emissions. As part of the UK's decarbonisation plans, public transport will become kinder to the enviroment with the arrival of hydrogen-powered buses and trains such as HydroFlex. 1 In some countries - often richer countries with populations that travel often - transport can be one of the largest segments of an individual's carbon footprint. The healthcare industry itself is responsible, in England, for 18 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions. The main sources were petrol and diesel cars. Two reasons given were that mandating public transport ticket providers to offer offsets could give the impression that public transport is a high-carbon option, or that it could create an . Carpooling carbon footprints: Public transportation's role in climate resiliency. Fly smart. .
Of these emissions, 22% come from building energy use, 18% from travel (of patients, visitors, and staff), and 59 . While some residents choose to take public transportation, some Charlottesville and Albemarle residents rely on it for their livelihood. These emissions are mostly from cars and trucks only 8% of all U.S. transportation emissions comes from airplanes or other modes of transportation . Reduce your carbon footprint by taking public transport. Households contributed 71 percent to New Zealand's total carbon footprint in 2017. If your commute is 20-miles round trip, the switch to public transportation could lower your carbon footprint by 4,800 pounds annually. The Land Transport Authority has estimated that the carbon footprint of a single journey can be reduced by 85 per cent if people switch from driving an internal combustion engine car to the MRT . A German agency German Corporation for International Cooperation or GIZ will . investment in and adoption of public transport.13 As one of few developed nations without fuel efficiency or vehicle emissions standards, Australia continues to be seen . This is the approximate amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of business, organisations, individuals, families, etc. If you carpool to and from work, you could probably cut your transportation emissions number in half, or even better. It is incredible to think about how much the world has changed in the last six months. It works by plugging information into the computer programme about how we . This project will actually decrease the carbon footprint. 6,934. With highway travel . Transport makes up about 64% of emissions in the ACT and most of these emissions are from private car use.
While not in the chart, the carbon footprint of cycling one kilometer is usually in the range of 16 to 50 grams CO2eq per km depending on how efficiently you cycle and what you eat." The top number. action to reduce Australia's absolute carbon footprint.5 However, another 2020 event to grip our nation, and indeed the world, has been the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerned about global warming, many people are now looking for ways to reduce their generation of carbon dioxide (CO 2).One option is to use public transport and limit journeys by car and plane; however, although this can significantly reduce each person's carbon footprint, until now the benefits have been difficult to measure. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation account for about 27 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, making it the largest contributor of U.S. GHG emissions. "That is about planning urban development so that wherever people live, everything that they need is within 15 minutes of walking or cycling or public transport," says Murray. Using Capturea carbon footprint tracker and sustainability appto track emissions, this Singaporean commute of 46 minutes (one . Your carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gasesincluding carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and othersthat you produce as you live your life. Effective transportation networks that incorporate public transit help lower a city's per capita carbon footprint, and make cities more livable by easing commute and transportation needs and increasing accessibility. Cars are responsible for higher emissions than trains or buses with road travel making up around three-quarters of the total transportation emissions globally. Hydroflex. This paper helps to enhance the scope and not limit to just tailpipe or a particular city and help make informed choices regarding public transport systems based on the economic, social and environmental goals set by national, state or city governments. Transport accounts for around one-fifth of global carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions [24% if we only consider CO2 emissions from energy]. The IEA looks at CO 2 emissions from energy production alone - in 2018 it reported 33.5 billion tonnes of energy-related CO 2 [hence, transport accounted for 8 billion / 33.5 billion = 24% of energy-related emissions. Use public transport: Transportation is one of the most significant sources of increasing carbon footprint. Per passenger mile traveled, private vehicles in the U.S. have an average emissions rate of 0.27 kg CO 2, while public transit has a rate of 0.24 kg. In 2019: Gross GHG emissions were mainly made up of carbon dioxide (45.5 percent), methane (42.1 percent), and nitrous oxide (10.2 percent). However, that figure is. And I feel like I'm doing something for the common good. 8,896. Time 's Global Warming Survival Guide says "Ride the Bus." But does bus transit really reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Carshare and use public transport: Sharing the car journey with colleagues .
The latest major study in this debate says yes. Public Transportation . Cars and buses contribute 45.1% of transport emissions, and road travel as a whole contributes to 15% of total CO 2 emissions. Public Transportation Individuals can save more than $9,738 per year by taking public transportation instead of driving. how often you travel by air and public transport.
Sam Ballard reports. Where possible, take direct flights and fly economy - in first-class or business class, fewer people are sitting in more space, which makes their individual carbon footprints larger. The Scottish Government has committed to almost complete decarbonisation of the road transport sector by 2050. 4. the volume of paper you go through. Car transportation alone accounts for 47% of the carbon foot - print of a typical American family with two carsby far the largest source of household emissions and, as such, the larg- est target for potential reductions. Using public transport like train, bus, etc., or walking for short distances instead of driving a car can contribute to a great extent to the reduction in carbon footprint.
of the transportation sector to carbon footprint has provided a renewed focus of public transit's potential contribution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. don't have access to public transport, or can't afford the upfront cost . Public Transportation Reduces Carbon Footprint Communities that invest in public transit reduce the nation's carbon emissions by 63 million metric tons annually. Public transportation use reduces travel by private vehicles. Citation in PubAg 390; Full Text 15; Journal. You can modify your habits to buy more local foods and make changes in your lifestyle by using second-hand products to reduce the demand for more production of consumables. The carbon handprint movement emphasizes individual forms of carbon offsetting, like using more public transportation or planting trees in deforested regions, to reduce one's carbon footprint and increase their "handprint." As countries . One of the best ways to do this is via public transportation to get around, as opposed to taxis or rental cars. In Singapore, there are 636,180 registered cars as of 2020, and globally, the transport industry is responsible for about 24% of total global emissions!
Public transportation is an $79 billion industry that employs more than 430,000 people and supports millions of private-sector jobs. Using public transport like train, bus, etc., or walking for short distances instead of driving a car can contribute to a great extent to the reduction in carbon footprint. - http://www.carbonfootprint.com (You will use this calculator to determine the numbers that will make up your total footprint.) That was the major finding of an effort to map the carbon footprint of 13,000 citiesone of the first times researchers analyzed so many areas with a consistent methodology. In 2019 New Zealand's gross greenhouse gas emissions were 82.3 million tonnes of CO 2 -e, 0.2 percent lower than 2005 and 26.4 percent higher than 1990. Whenever an individual drives a car, heats their home, or buys food and other goods a certain amount of carbon dioxide is produced as a result of the manufacturing, fuel extraction, or transportation. You can reduce your carbon footprint by: walking or cycling around town - it's a great way to get fit and save money on fuel and car parking fees; carpooling with friends and family; choosing public transport; using a park and ride .
Recycling waste, using renewable energy, taking public transport and using less plastic are some actions that reduce our carbon footprint, help protect the environment and guarantee . the water you use. Area of facilities and percent of occupancy. Apr 18, 2018 carbon-footprint-transportation, Electric Vehicles, fuel-efficient cars After three flat years, carbon dioxide emissions rose again in 2017, showing that the earth's struggles with climate change will only continue. Learn more: Global emissions by economic sector. On a per trip basis, private vehicles result in 2.59 kg CO 2 emissions, and public transit trips result in 1.27 kg emissions. While the train from Toronto outperformed the SUV and the plane in fuel efficiency, its emissions were the highest of all modes, due to diesel fuel and a circuitous trip. If you want to lower your carbon footprint, you should examine alternate forms of transportation that do not rely on the combustion of fossil fuels. . Over short distances, driving an average . You can offset your carbon footprint by opting for public transportation. . Transportation - 27% Electricity - 25% Industry - 24% Agriculture - 11% Commercial - 7% Residential - 6% 2020 U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions by Source Light-Duty Vehicles - 57% Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks - 26% Aircraft - 8% Other - 5% Rail - 2% Ships and Boats - 2% Note: Totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. by Opinion Contributor January 8, 2022. Hydroflex. This amounts to 30% of total public sector greenhouse gas emissions, and 3.2% of the total CO 2 emissions of the country as a whole. Carpooling reduces that amount significantly. Public transportation is one of the most effective tools we have to fight climate change. Moreover, this mode can lead to substantial environmental benefits. This plan brings together all of our committed funding streams and measures for decarbonising cars and vans, from across government, into a single document. Where possible, take direct flights and fly economy - in first-class or business class, fewer people are sitting in more space, which makes their individual carbon footprints larger. Our daughter will grow up used to car-less transport. July 30th 2020 Tech. Minimise carbon footprint at home by using energy-efficient appliances and reducing water use.
March 20, 2019. . 2017. Overall, eating low down the food chain as often as you can is a probably a good way to reduce your carbon footprint and stay healthy, say experts. Determining a carbon footprint is easier said than done, and it's not clear how much weight we should put on it. Emissions were 2.2 percent higher than 2018. Light vehicles - cars, 4x4s, SUVs and small commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes - account for 10% of Australia's greenhouse gas emissions. The total emissions are expressed as CO 2 equivalents, the amount of CO 2 that would . Pineda Blanco United States, UC Davis 2018 Changes in Online Shopping Behavior During the Last Decade Determines that a specific . CAR. IEA (2020), Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, IEA, Paris. Offices can reduce carbon footprint by encouraging carpooling and replacing paper with digital documentation. Enter your zip code 3.) The Scottish Government aims to reduce carbon emissions from the road transport sector. The Carbon Footprint The Time for Change Organisation, best defines the term "carbon footprint" as "The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)." "Carbon Footprint" is a metaphor to illustrate for the amount of carbon emissions the global community let into the . "A small number of large and or affluent cities drive a significant share of national total emissions," said . Fly smart. Offset your emissions. green, HUMANS OF THE U, MARTIN CUMA, public transit, reduce carbon footprint, safety, sustainability, transportation Leave a comment Invert the Inversion . Yes, that's TONS . Try and use the most comprehensive calculator that you can find to analyse all of your behaviour and consumption. The American Public Transit Association claims that public transit saves an estimated 1.4 billion gallons of gas annually, which translates into about 14 million tons of CO2. Input the total number of people living in your current household and the total number bedrooms 4.) Switched On Scotland: A Roadmap to Widespread Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles sets out a vision that Scotland's towns, cities and communities will be . Reducing emissions from road transport remains a significant challenge as the UK looks to reach net zero emissions by 2050; at the end of 2018, 0.5% of all vehicles licensed in the UK were. 6,722. While this news discouraged those who believed we might have finally hit peak levels, there's plenty to be hopeful about. And don't . According to a Union of Concerned Scientists study, the largest contributor to Americans' carbon footprint is transportation, generating 28% of overall emissions. As part of the UK's decarbonisation plans, public transport will become kinder to the enviroment with the arrival of hydrogen-powered buses and trains such as HydroFlex. 1 In some countries - often richer countries with populations that travel often - transport can be one of the largest segments of an individual's carbon footprint. The healthcare industry itself is responsible, in England, for 18 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions. The main sources were petrol and diesel cars. Two reasons given were that mandating public transport ticket providers to offer offsets could give the impression that public transport is a high-carbon option, or that it could create an . Carpooling carbon footprints: Public transportation's role in climate resiliency. Fly smart. .
Of these emissions, 22% come from building energy use, 18% from travel (of patients, visitors, and staff), and 59 . While some residents choose to take public transportation, some Charlottesville and Albemarle residents rely on it for their livelihood. These emissions are mostly from cars and trucks only 8% of all U.S. transportation emissions comes from airplanes or other modes of transportation . Reduce your carbon footprint by taking public transport. Households contributed 71 percent to New Zealand's total carbon footprint in 2017. If your commute is 20-miles round trip, the switch to public transportation could lower your carbon footprint by 4,800 pounds annually. The Land Transport Authority has estimated that the carbon footprint of a single journey can be reduced by 85 per cent if people switch from driving an internal combustion engine car to the MRT . A German agency German Corporation for International Cooperation or GIZ will . investment in and adoption of public transport.13 As one of few developed nations without fuel efficiency or vehicle emissions standards, Australia continues to be seen . This is the approximate amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of business, organisations, individuals, families, etc. If you carpool to and from work, you could probably cut your transportation emissions number in half, or even better. It is incredible to think about how much the world has changed in the last six months. It works by plugging information into the computer programme about how we . This project will actually decrease the carbon footprint. 6,934. With highway travel . Transport makes up about 64% of emissions in the ACT and most of these emissions are from private car use.