the gasification temperature, syngas composition and calorific.
evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the gross calorific value from the
Finally, the cost of the syngas for power generation, cooling, and heating was calculated. . . Because the Ni/V-Ce catalyst was added during this pyrolysis process, it was calcined at 1100 C. carbon monoxide, and dioxide, and other higher hydrocarbons that builds the calorific value.
following are the methods i have taken from literature/ some thesis. Syngas belongs to the low calorific gasses. Ongen et al.
Syngas via Pyrolysis
Syngas is combustible and can be used as a fuel of internal combustion engines. (Nm3) kWh/Nm3 H gas (kW) Hydrogen H2 738.5744 2.998 2214.246 Carbon monoxide CO 429.3988 3.509 1506.76 Carbon dioxide CO2 100.576 0 0 Methane CH4 0.1344 9.949 1.337146 Thermal value total 3722.344 One chamber utilises syngas obtained from the gasification of poultry feathers (calorific value approximately 2 MJ/Nm3) and the other takes the syngas from waste wood chips (calorific value approximately 4.5 MJ/Nm3). Calorific Value Analysis From Table 1, the highest calorific value was 251.4 J/s. Evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the Gross Calorific Value from the .
The Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Temperature on Syngas Composition and Calorific Value Produced from Downdraft Gasifier of Rubber Wood-Coal Mixture. (where syngas produced has significant calorific value) are naturally endothermic.
SYNGAS COMPOSITION, CALORIFIC VALUE, AND WOBBE INDEX MONITOR the Precisive 5-271 is designed specifically for on-line quality monitoring of syngas derived from a variety of fuels, including coal and biomass.
Methane (US: / m e n / MEH-thayn, UK: / m i e n / MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH 4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). Therefore, the thermal .
In the first step syngas is converted to methanol and then, after purification, methanol is dehydrated to DME in another reactor (MTD, . There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas. Therefore, measurement of syngas calorific value requires the specific calorimeter.
Marek Dudyski.
The heating value of the syngas obtained under the gasification conditions used in the present study reaches a maximum of8.02 MJ/kg. The CV of gas, which is dry, gross and measured at standard conditions of temperature (15oC) and pressure (1013.25 .
Fossil fuel consumption has provided 78.4% of the worldwide energy needs since 2014. International Journal of Engineering.
The heating capacity is necessary to measure for control of syngas combustion in power station.
All combustibles in the gas are continuously burnt in the CWD; the resulting temperature increase is measured together with the specific density of the gas.
Oxygen-blown, entrained flow IGCC plants typically produce syngas with a heating value range of 250 to 400 Btu/ft 3 (HHV basis), which is much lower than the 1,000 Btu/ft 3 commonly associated with natural gas. Among which kJ/Nm3 is the unit of gas calorific value - kilo Joule per cubic meter; kJ/kg is the unit of biomass calorific value - kilo Joule per kilogram. On the other hand, syngas produced using air as a gasifying agent is called lower calorific value gas or "producer gas" and its heating value ranges from 4 to 7 MJ/Nm 3 [ 2 ]. Because the Ni/V-Ce catalyst was added during this pyrolysis process, it was calcined at 1100 C.
The basic syngas composition (H 2, CH 4 and CO) was analyzed by gas chromatography and the Lower Calorific Value was calculated, which ranged from 1.9 to 10.2 MJ/kg. Among which kJ/Nm3 is the unit of gas calorific value - kilo Joule per cubic meter; kJ/kg is the unit of biomass calorific value - kilo Joule per kilogram. The oven-dry calorific value (NCV0) of wood of different wood species varies within a very narrow interval, from 18.5 to 19 MJ/Kg.
Finally, the cost of the syngas for power generation, cooling, and heating was calculated. The calorific value (CV) of syngas produced from gasification of solid biomass varies depending on the type of biomass as well as the gasifier type. evaluated the calorific value of syngas produced by gasification of dewatered sludge derived from chemical sludge using the ANN method. We show that biomass syngas having very low calorific value, produced from low quality materials, can be Syngas belongs to the low calorific gasses.
Kamil Kwiatkowski. However, little is known about the feasibility of using the ANN model to predict the HHV of syngas during sludge pyrolysis.
Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. Calorific Value Analysis. Heat Calorific Value Methane (55.5MJ/Kg) % Petrol (48MJ/Kg)l % Syngas Diesel (44.48MJ/Kg) % Natural Gas (43MJ/Kg) % Alcohol (30MJ/Kg) % Coal (27MJ/Kg) % Rice Husk (18MJ/Kg) % Wood (17.4MJ/Kg) % Palm Kernel Shell (15.9 MJ/Kg) % Oil Palm Fibre (8MJ/Kg) % Oxygen-blown, entrained flow IGCC plants typically produce syngas with a heating value range of 250 to 400 Btu/ft 3 (HHV basis), which is much lower than the 1,000 Btu/ft 3 commonly associated with .
Different biomass materials are tested using the model, and forest residual is shown to be the most energetic one. The simulated calorific values are shown in Table 1. The non-condensable phase of the Syngas produced in the pyrolysis process has a considerable heating value and is ideal for powering a boiler producing heat and power.
If required, the condensable fraction can be collected by cooling the syngas, potentially for use as a liquid fuel (oils, waxes, and tars). Ongen et al. In the monitoring of combustion gases (CO 2 , CO, NO , NO 2 , SO 2 and Total Hydrocarbon Content), values were found for these pollutants that were lower than the values . it provides fast and accurate measurement of calorific Value, wobbe index, and compositional information, including co 2 44 Evolution of Waste Incineration .
However, little is known about the feasibility of using the ANN model to predict the HHV of syngas during sludge pyrolysis.
The simulated calorific values are shown in Table 1. Combustion of Low-Calorific Waste Biomass Syngas. The Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Temperature on Syngas Composition and Calorific Value Produced from Downdraft Gasifier of Rubber Wood-Coal Mixture. following are the methods i have taken from literature/ some thesis. Clarke Energy offers specially modified Jenbacher gas engines that make efficient use of these gases for combined generation of heat and electricity.
Therefore, measurement of syngas calorific value requires. .
Hello every one, I need to calculate higher heating value of syngas produced from gasification.
One chamber utilises syngas obtained from the gasification of poultry feathers (calorific value approximately 2 MJ/Nm3) and the other takes the syngas from waste wood chips (calorific value approximately 4.5 MJ/Nm3). Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. The gasifier is operated to substantially consume the oxidant within the first gasification zone.
From feathers to syngas - Technologies and devices.
Due to the low calorific value of biogas, it is difficult to ignite and the combustion temperature of this biogas is low. The gasification of oil-palm fronds (OPF) is not .
The syngas typically has a net calorific value (NCV) of 2,800-4,800 kilocalorie per normal cubic meter (kcal/Nm 3) or 10-20 megajoule per normal cubic meter (MJ/Nm 3). In the simulation process, the calorific value produced by the combustion of syngas and oxygen was obtained.
Therefore, the thermal .
Introduction The energy derived from nonrenewable resources such as crude oil, coal, and natural gas has encouraged technological progress and supported advances in a wide variety of productive sectors [1].
This Paper.
Numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with those of the experiments. Syngas production 1. Moreover, the simulated syngas heat values were applied to a TFRJ3K straw gas engine. Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. Figure 2. When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen .
P/p-/ENERGY3e new/ 5 CALORIFIC VALUE OF PYROMEX SYNGAS RELATIVE TO 3'100 kcal FEED MATERIAL Description Vol.
Second, syngas was passed to the reactor in Aspen Plus, which simulated the calorific values of the syngas produced by biomass pyrolysis under different conditions.
Moreover, the interdependent operating conditions like reactor temperature, moisture content of biomass, and air fuel ratio play a major role in the composition as well as calorific value of syngas.
Calorific value (CV) is a measure of heating power and is dependent upon the composition of the gas. Gasification-derived syngas differs from natural gas in terms of calorific value, composition, flammability characteristics, and contaminants. Syngas is the major product of gasification.
By Marek Dudynski.
Tuty Agustina.
Also the solid fuels will have a similar quality variation for the different classes of fuel. A high-calorific-value feedstock with an oxidant is injected in the first zone.
evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the gross calorific value from the The corresponding Calorific Value and Wobbe Index are calculated and displayed or digitally provided in almost real time! The name comes from its use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) [1] and for producing ammonia or methanol. Also, it plays a vital role during pyrolysis initiated on residues, biomass, and waste. This Paper. Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, . It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas.The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses . In the simulation process, the calorific value produced by the combustion of syngas and oxygen was obtained.
low calorific value, high water solubility as well as high corrosivity. A short summary of this paper. Syngas is also known as synthesis gas, which is a mixture of molecules comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water vapors, carbon dioxide, condensable compounds, and hydrocarbons. This calorific value is higher than those reported for SS pyrolysis. 1- HHV = (30.18CO + 30.52H2 +. When not specified, "calorific value" is to be intended as net calorific value. 2.3 Syngas composition and its calorific value The composition of the manufacturer's gas depends on feedstock, particulate size, gas flow rate and feedstock flow, chemical reactor configurations, operating conditions or process of gasification, gasificator and catalyst, and gas residence time. . ( 2013) evaluated the calorific value of syngas produced by gasification of dewatered sludge derived from chemical sludge using the ANN method. There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas.
Most important aretopologies/methods, humidity of coal, heat losses, temperatures in relevant zones, composition of oxidation agents and permeability.Calorific value of syngas is 2 - 5 MJ.m-3 if . Gross calorific value (GVC): The water in the combustion products is treated as liquid. Syngas via Pyrolysis. This calorific value is higher than those reported for SS pyrolysis. 12,13 This problem can be significantly solved by converting ethanol to diethyl ether (DEE), which has a higher cetane number, . In conifers it is 2% higher than in broad .
. The objective of this study was to develop an ANN model to predict the . The syngas calorific value and CGE were 1300 kcal/Nm 3 and 70%, respectively Rice husk pellets produced better calorific value and CGE A stable power generation of 10 kW was possible using rice husk. the syngas composition and the resulting energy content of the gas. The effects of preheating temperature (Tp) on flame combustion characteristics were studied in this section. Syngas produced using steam or oxygen as a gasifying agent is called medium calorific value syngas (simply syngas) with its heating value range of 10-28 MJ/Nm 3 [ 2 ]. Air or fuel preheating is an effective method to improve combustion temperature and thermal efficiency of the furnace. Konrad Bajer. The corresponding Calorific Value and Wobbe Index are calculated and displayed or digitally provided in almost real time!
The percentage of H2, CH4 and CO (H2%, CH4%, CO%) could be obtained from syn-gas analysis and the HHV of biomass (Hbiomass) could be tested by bomb calorimeter. From Table 1, the highest calorific value was 251.4 J/s. The percentage of H2, CH4 and CO (H2%, CH4%, CO%) could be obtained from syn-gas analysis and the HHV of biomass (Hbiomass) could be tested by bomb calorimeter. Download Download PDF.
There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas. Further, most of the energy-enriched gases are acquired from raw materials consisting of high calorific values like polymers, plastics, and calorific fractions of municipal garbage.
evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the gross calorific value from the
Finally, the cost of the syngas for power generation, cooling, and heating was calculated. . . Because the Ni/V-Ce catalyst was added during this pyrolysis process, it was calcined at 1100 C. carbon monoxide, and dioxide, and other higher hydrocarbons that builds the calorific value.
following are the methods i have taken from literature/ some thesis. Syngas belongs to the low calorific gasses. Ongen et al.
Syngas via Pyrolysis
Syngas is combustible and can be used as a fuel of internal combustion engines. (Nm3) kWh/Nm3 H gas (kW) Hydrogen H2 738.5744 2.998 2214.246 Carbon monoxide CO 429.3988 3.509 1506.76 Carbon dioxide CO2 100.576 0 0 Methane CH4 0.1344 9.949 1.337146 Thermal value total 3722.344 One chamber utilises syngas obtained from the gasification of poultry feathers (calorific value approximately 2 MJ/Nm3) and the other takes the syngas from waste wood chips (calorific value approximately 4.5 MJ/Nm3). Calorific Value Analysis From Table 1, the highest calorific value was 251.4 J/s. Evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the Gross Calorific Value from the .
The Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Temperature on Syngas Composition and Calorific Value Produced from Downdraft Gasifier of Rubber Wood-Coal Mixture. (where syngas produced has significant calorific value) are naturally endothermic.
SYNGAS COMPOSITION, CALORIFIC VALUE, AND WOBBE INDEX MONITOR the Precisive 5-271 is designed specifically for on-line quality monitoring of syngas derived from a variety of fuels, including coal and biomass.
Methane (US: / m e n / MEH-thayn, UK: / m i e n / MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH 4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). Therefore, the thermal .
In the first step syngas is converted to methanol and then, after purification, methanol is dehydrated to DME in another reactor (MTD, . There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas. Therefore, measurement of syngas calorific value requires the specific calorimeter.
Marek Dudyski.
The heating value of the syngas obtained under the gasification conditions used in the present study reaches a maximum of8.02 MJ/kg. The CV of gas, which is dry, gross and measured at standard conditions of temperature (15oC) and pressure (1013.25 .
Fossil fuel consumption has provided 78.4% of the worldwide energy needs since 2014. International Journal of Engineering.
The heating capacity is necessary to measure for control of syngas combustion in power station.
All combustibles in the gas are continuously burnt in the CWD; the resulting temperature increase is measured together with the specific density of the gas.
Oxygen-blown, entrained flow IGCC plants typically produce syngas with a heating value range of 250 to 400 Btu/ft 3 (HHV basis), which is much lower than the 1,000 Btu/ft 3 commonly associated with natural gas. Among which kJ/Nm3 is the unit of gas calorific value - kilo Joule per cubic meter; kJ/kg is the unit of biomass calorific value - kilo Joule per kilogram. On the other hand, syngas produced using air as a gasifying agent is called lower calorific value gas or "producer gas" and its heating value ranges from 4 to 7 MJ/Nm 3 [ 2 ]. Because the Ni/V-Ce catalyst was added during this pyrolysis process, it was calcined at 1100 C.
The basic syngas composition (H 2, CH 4 and CO) was analyzed by gas chromatography and the Lower Calorific Value was calculated, which ranged from 1.9 to 10.2 MJ/kg. Among which kJ/Nm3 is the unit of gas calorific value - kilo Joule per cubic meter; kJ/kg is the unit of biomass calorific value - kilo Joule per kilogram. The oven-dry calorific value (NCV0) of wood of different wood species varies within a very narrow interval, from 18.5 to 19 MJ/Kg.
Finally, the cost of the syngas for power generation, cooling, and heating was calculated. The calorific value (CV) of syngas produced from gasification of solid biomass varies depending on the type of biomass as well as the gasifier type. evaluated the calorific value of syngas produced by gasification of dewatered sludge derived from chemical sludge using the ANN method. We show that biomass syngas having very low calorific value, produced from low quality materials, can be Syngas belongs to the low calorific gasses.
Kamil Kwiatkowski. However, little is known about the feasibility of using the ANN model to predict the HHV of syngas during sludge pyrolysis.
Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. Calorific Value Analysis. Heat Calorific Value Methane (55.5MJ/Kg) % Petrol (48MJ/Kg)l % Syngas Diesel (44.48MJ/Kg) % Natural Gas (43MJ/Kg) % Alcohol (30MJ/Kg) % Coal (27MJ/Kg) % Rice Husk (18MJ/Kg) % Wood (17.4MJ/Kg) % Palm Kernel Shell (15.9 MJ/Kg) % Oil Palm Fibre (8MJ/Kg) % Oxygen-blown, entrained flow IGCC plants typically produce syngas with a heating value range of 250 to 400 Btu/ft 3 (HHV basis), which is much lower than the 1,000 Btu/ft 3 commonly associated with .
Different biomass materials are tested using the model, and forest residual is shown to be the most energetic one. The simulated calorific values are shown in Table 1. The non-condensable phase of the Syngas produced in the pyrolysis process has a considerable heating value and is ideal for powering a boiler producing heat and power.
If required, the condensable fraction can be collected by cooling the syngas, potentially for use as a liquid fuel (oils, waxes, and tars). Ongen et al. In the monitoring of combustion gases (CO 2 , CO, NO , NO 2 , SO 2 and Total Hydrocarbon Content), values were found for these pollutants that were lower than the values . it provides fast and accurate measurement of calorific Value, wobbe index, and compositional information, including co 2 44 Evolution of Waste Incineration .
However, little is known about the feasibility of using the ANN model to predict the HHV of syngas during sludge pyrolysis.
The simulated calorific values are shown in Table 1. Combustion of Low-Calorific Waste Biomass Syngas. The Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Temperature on Syngas Composition and Calorific Value Produced from Downdraft Gasifier of Rubber Wood-Coal Mixture. following are the methods i have taken from literature/ some thesis. Clarke Energy offers specially modified Jenbacher gas engines that make efficient use of these gases for combined generation of heat and electricity.
Therefore, measurement of syngas calorific value requires. .
Hello every one, I need to calculate higher heating value of syngas produced from gasification.
One chamber utilises syngas obtained from the gasification of poultry feathers (calorific value approximately 2 MJ/Nm3) and the other takes the syngas from waste wood chips (calorific value approximately 4.5 MJ/Nm3). Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. The gasifier is operated to substantially consume the oxidant within the first gasification zone.
From feathers to syngas - Technologies and devices.
Due to the low calorific value of biogas, it is difficult to ignite and the combustion temperature of this biogas is low. The gasification of oil-palm fronds (OPF) is not .
The syngas typically has a net calorific value (NCV) of 2,800-4,800 kilocalorie per normal cubic meter (kcal/Nm 3) or 10-20 megajoule per normal cubic meter (MJ/Nm 3). In the simulation process, the calorific value produced by the combustion of syngas and oxygen was obtained.
Therefore, the thermal .
Introduction The energy derived from nonrenewable resources such as crude oil, coal, and natural gas has encouraged technological progress and supported advances in a wide variety of productive sectors [1].
This Paper.
Numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with those of the experiments. Syngas production 1. Moreover, the simulated syngas heat values were applied to a TFRJ3K straw gas engine. Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. Figure 2. When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen .
P/p-/ENERGY3e new/ 5 CALORIFIC VALUE OF PYROMEX SYNGAS RELATIVE TO 3'100 kcal FEED MATERIAL Description Vol.
Second, syngas was passed to the reactor in Aspen Plus, which simulated the calorific values of the syngas produced by biomass pyrolysis under different conditions.
Moreover, the interdependent operating conditions like reactor temperature, moisture content of biomass, and air fuel ratio play a major role in the composition as well as calorific value of syngas.
Calorific value (CV) is a measure of heating power and is dependent upon the composition of the gas. Gasification-derived syngas differs from natural gas in terms of calorific value, composition, flammability characteristics, and contaminants. Syngas is the major product of gasification.
By Marek Dudynski.
Tuty Agustina.
Also the solid fuels will have a similar quality variation for the different classes of fuel. A high-calorific-value feedstock with an oxidant is injected in the first zone.
evaluation of the syngas calorific value has been performed by three different methods, i.e., estimation of the syngas calorific value from continuous in-line process measurements by mass and energy conservation equations, measurement of the syngas composition based on gas chromatography and calculation of the gross calorific value from the The corresponding Calorific Value and Wobbe Index are calculated and displayed or digitally provided in almost real time! The name comes from its use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) [1] and for producing ammonia or methanol. Also, it plays a vital role during pyrolysis initiated on residues, biomass, and waste. This Paper. Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, . It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas.The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses . In the simulation process, the calorific value produced by the combustion of syngas and oxygen was obtained.
low calorific value, high water solubility as well as high corrosivity. A short summary of this paper. Syngas is also known as synthesis gas, which is a mixture of molecules comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water vapors, carbon dioxide, condensable compounds, and hydrocarbons. This calorific value is higher than those reported for SS pyrolysis. 1- HHV = (30.18CO + 30.52H2 +. When not specified, "calorific value" is to be intended as net calorific value. 2.3 Syngas composition and its calorific value The composition of the manufacturer's gas depends on feedstock, particulate size, gas flow rate and feedstock flow, chemical reactor configurations, operating conditions or process of gasification, gasificator and catalyst, and gas residence time. . ( 2013) evaluated the calorific value of syngas produced by gasification of dewatered sludge derived from chemical sludge using the ANN method. There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas.
Most important aretopologies/methods, humidity of coal, heat losses, temperatures in relevant zones, composition of oxidation agents and permeability.Calorific value of syngas is 2 - 5 MJ.m-3 if . Gross calorific value (GVC): The water in the combustion products is treated as liquid. Syngas via Pyrolysis. This calorific value is higher than those reported for SS pyrolysis. 12,13 This problem can be significantly solved by converting ethanol to diethyl ether (DEE), which has a higher cetane number, . In conifers it is 2% higher than in broad .
. The objective of this study was to develop an ANN model to predict the . The syngas calorific value and CGE were 1300 kcal/Nm 3 and 70%, respectively Rice husk pellets produced better calorific value and CGE A stable power generation of 10 kW was possible using rice husk. the syngas composition and the resulting energy content of the gas. The effects of preheating temperature (Tp) on flame combustion characteristics were studied in this section. Syngas produced using steam or oxygen as a gasifying agent is called medium calorific value syngas (simply syngas) with its heating value range of 10-28 MJ/Nm 3 [ 2 ]. Air or fuel preheating is an effective method to improve combustion temperature and thermal efficiency of the furnace. Konrad Bajer. The corresponding Calorific Value and Wobbe Index are calculated and displayed or digitally provided in almost real time!
The percentage of H2, CH4 and CO (H2%, CH4%, CO%) could be obtained from syn-gas analysis and the HHV of biomass (Hbiomass) could be tested by bomb calorimeter. From Table 1, the highest calorific value was 251.4 J/s. The percentage of H2, CH4 and CO (H2%, CH4%, CO%) could be obtained from syn-gas analysis and the HHV of biomass (Hbiomass) could be tested by bomb calorimeter. Download Download PDF.
There is a problem because standard calorimeters for industry are not suitable for measurement of low calorific gas. Further, most of the energy-enriched gases are acquired from raw materials consisting of high calorific values like polymers, plastics, and calorific fractions of municipal garbage.